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Organizational Behavior
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Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Foundations of Group Behavior and Work Teams
Lecturer: Do Tien Long09 04 51 54 [email protected]
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Popular group definitionsPopular group definitions
A popular definition defines groups in psychological terms
Any number of people who –
Interact with one anotherAre psychologically aware of one anotherPerceive themselves to be a group
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Defining and Classifying GroupsDefining and Classifying GroupsGroup(s)
Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
Formal Group
A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure.
Informal Group
A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Defining and Classifying Groups (cont’d)Defining and Classifying Groups (cont’d)
Command Group
A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.
Task Group
Those working together to complete a job or task.
Interest Group
Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.
Friendship Group
Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group characteristics Group characteristics
A definable membershipGroup consciousnessA sense of shared purposeInterdependenceInteractionAbility to act in a unitary manner
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Why People Join GroupsWhy People Join Groups
• Security• Status• Self-esteem• Affiliation• Power• Goal Achievement
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Reasons for forming groups or teamsReasons for forming groups or teams
So that certain tasks can be performed through the combined efforts of a number of individuals working togetherCollusion between members aiding creativity & initiativeProvide companionship & a source of mutual understanding & supportProvide guidelines on generally acceptable behaviourProtection for its membership
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Importance of groups on organisationsImportance of groups on organisations
Groups are an essential feature of the work patterns of organisations
People in groups influence each other, they may develop their own hierarchies & leaders
Group pressures can have a major influence over the behaviour ofindividual members & their work performance
The activities of the group are associated with the process of leadership
The style of leadership of the manager has an important influence on the behaviour of group members
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group values and normsGroup values and norms
Group developed its owned pattern of informal social relations and codes and practices of what constituted proper group behavior:– Not to be a “rate buster”
– Not to be a “chiseller”
– Not to be a “squealer”
– Not to be a “officious”
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
The Five-Stage Model of Group DevelopmentThe Five-Stage Model of Group DevelopmentForming StageThe first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.
Storming StageThe second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.
Norming StageThe third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
…Group Development (cont’d)…Group Development (cont’d)Performing Stage
The fourth stage in group development, when the group is fully functional.
Adjourning Stage
The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than performance.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Stages of Group DevelopmentStages of Group Development
E X H I B I T 9–2E X H I B I T 9–2
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
An Alternative Model: Temporary Groups with DeadlinesAn Alternative Model: Temporary Groups with Deadlines
Sequence of actions:1. Setting group direction2. First phase of inertia3. Half-way point transition4. Major changes5. Second phase of inertia6. Accelerated activity
Sequence of actions:1. Setting group direction2. First phase of inertia3. Half-way point transition4. Major changes5. Second phase of inertia6. Accelerated activity
Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
Temporary groups under time constrained deadlines go through transitions between inertia and activity---at the half-way point, they experience an increase in productivity.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
The Punctuated-Equilibrium ModelThe Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
E X H I B I T 9–3E X H I B I T 9–3
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group PropertiesGroup Properties
RolesNormsStatusSizeCohesiveness
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - Roles Group Properties - Roles
Role(s)
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
Role Identity
Certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role.
Role Perception
An individual’s view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - Roles (cont’d)Group Properties - Roles (cont’d)Role Expectations
How others believe a person should act in a given situation.
Role Conflict
A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.
Psychological Contract
An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from the employee and vice versa.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - NormsGroup Properties - Norms
Classes of Norms:• Performance norms• Appearance norms• Social arrangement norms• Allocation of resources norms
Classes of Norms:• Performance norms• Appearance norms• Social arrangement norms• Allocation of resources norms
Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - Norms (cont’d)Group Properties - Norms (cont’d)Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group.
Reference Groups
Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.
EXHIBIT 9–4EXHIBIT 9–4
ASCH STUDYASCH STUDY
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - Norms (cont’d)Group Properties - Norms (cont’d)Deviant Workplace Behavior
Antisocial actions by organizational members that intentionally violate established norms and result in negative consequences for the organization, its members, or both.
Group norms can influence the presence of deviant behavior.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Typology of Deviant Workplace BehaviorTypology of Deviant Workplace Behavior
E X H I B I T 9–5E X H I B I T 9–5
Category Examples
Production Leaving earlyIntentionally working slowlyWasting resources
Property Sabotage Lying about hours worked Stealing from the organization
Political Showing favoritismGossiping and spreading rumorsBlaming coworkers
Personal Aggression Sexual harassmentVerbal abuseStealing from coworkers
Source: Adapted from S.L. Robinson, and R.J. Bennett. “A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study,” Academy of Management Journal, April 1995, p. 565.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - StatusGroup Properties - Status
Power over Others
Power over Power over OthersOthers
Ability to Contribute Ability to Ability to
Contribute Contribute
Personal Characteristics
Personal Personal CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Group MemberStatus
Group MemberGroup MemberStatusStatus
Status: A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.
Norms & InteractionNorms & Norms &
InteractionInteraction
Status Inequity Status Inequity Status Inequity National CultureNational CultureNational Culture
Other things influencing or influenced by status
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - SizeGroup Properties - Size
Group Size
Performance
Expec
ted
Actual (due to
loafing)
Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do
better than even.• Groups of 5 to 7 perform
better overall than larger or smaller groups.
Other conclusions:• Odd number groups do
better than even.• Groups of 5 to 7 perform
better overall than larger or smaller groups.
Social LoafingThe tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Group Properties - CohesivenessGroup Properties - Cohesiveness
Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.2. Encourage agreement with group goals.3. Increase time members spend together.4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.5. Stimulate competition with other groups.6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.7. Physically isolate the group.
Increasing group cohesiveness:1. Make the group smaller.2. Encourage agreement with group goals.3. Increase time members spend together.4. Increase group status and admission difficultly.5. Stimulate competition with other groups.6. Give rewards to the group, not individuals.7. Physically isolate the group.
Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and
Productivity
Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and
Productivity
E X H I B I T 9-7E X H I B I T 9-7
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien LongE X H I B I T 9–8E X H I B I T 9–8S. Adams, Build a Better Life by Stealing Office Supplies (Kansas City MO: Andrews & McMeal,
1991), p. 31. Dilbert reprinted with permission of United Features Syndicate, Inc.
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Factors contributing to group cohesiveness & performanceFactors contributing to group cohesiveness & performance
Membership
Work environment
Organisational
Group development & maturity
Organisational Behavior, Do Tien Long
Factors contributing to group cohesiveness & performance – membership
Size of the group
Compatibility of members
Performance
Nature of the task
Physical setting
Communications
Technology
