Designing for Security Protection with Laminated Glass

Presented by:

This course is worth 1 hour of Health, Safety and Welfare Credit through

the American Institute of Architects

Saflex

About Solutia Inc.

World Headquarters World Headquarters located in St. Louis, MOlocated in St. Louis, MO

$3.8 Billion Chemical $3.8 Billion Chemical CompanyCompany

World’s largest producer World’s largest producer of polyvinyl butyral of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) used in (PVB) used in laminated glasslaminated glass

Solutia Architectural Brands

Course ObjectivesWhat you will learn…

• Glass Options for Security Protection

• Bomb Blast Basics

• Additional protective solutions with laminated glass

Providing Security Protection&

Glass Options

Safety vs. Security

Safety = refers to freedom from the risk OR occurrence of injury/loss from natural cause

Security = refers to freedom from the risk OR occurrence of injury/loss from the intentional actions of mankind

What is expected of security glazing?

Glazing:Must provide an element barrier, excellent optical quality and ease of maintenance

Must resist impact, forced entry, bomb blasts, accidental explosions, and ballistic attacks according to national consensus standards

Must allow for Building Envelope to be maintained

Security glazing is not mandated by the model building codes. The need for security protection and the level

of security desired to meet perceived needs are determined by

the occupants or owners

Why Design for Security Protection?

• Burglary, Forced Entry, Ballistic Attacks, and Bomb Blasts and are more and more common

• A burglary occurs every 11 sec in the US• Bomb Blast events are globally on the rise• Flying glass shards: 50+% of all injuries from terrorist

targeted public building bombings• Flying or Falling Glass #1 cause of non-fatal injuries

Types of Security Glazing

• Burglary/Forced Entry Resistant

• Barrier/Forced Exit Resistant

• Bullet Resistant

• Blast Resistant

Types of Security Glazing

• Standard Laminated Architectural Glass (LAG) – (1/4” with 0.060” thickness) provides a significant improvement in

resistance to attack from a variety of hand held weapons in:• Residential: Rock, Hammer, Pry bar, Brick, etc.• Commercial: Sledgehammer, Battering Ram, Chisel, Axe

• LAG cannot be cut from one side deeming glass cutters useless

• Impact resistance (penetration) is directly related to the % of interlayer in the laminate.

Burglary Resistance/Forced Entry

Benefits of Laminated GlassFORCED ENTRY

Barrier/Forced Exit Resistant• Standard construction multi-ply glass with 0.060”

interlayer – Provides layers of significant barrier to

penetration resistance: • Institutional (i.e.: human, furniture impact)• Detention Glazing (i.e.: pry tools, safety equipment)

– LAG provides time to for assessment and action.

– Impact resistance (penetration) is directly related to the % of interlayer in the laminate and number of layers of glass.

Types of Security Glazing

• Bullet-resistant glass is made by laminating multiple layers of glass and thin (0.015”) interlayer to form a single multi-ply unit

• The glass layers flatten the bullet upon impact to slow penetration through unit

• The interlayer holds the glass in place to provide resistance to additional incoming rounds

• The interlayer provides flexibility and absorbs energy through the unit

Ballistic Protection

Typical Thickness per Level

UL 752 Test Typical Weapon Typical Laminate Thickness

Level 1Medium Power – Small Arms

Super .38

Automatic / 9mm1 ¼”

Level 2High Power – Small Arms

.357 Magnum Revolver 1 ½”

Level 3Super Power – Small Arms

.44 Magnum Revolver 1 ¾”

Level 4 High Power – Rifle

.30-’06 Rifle 2”

Check this versus GANA guide

Types of Security Glazing

• Standard LAG (1/4” with 0.030” or 0.060” thick interlayer) – Provides significant air blast protection through

glass retention and debris resistance:

• Glass Retention: Interlayer tends to keep broken glass shards adhered in laminate unit

• Debris Resistance: laminate unit resists penetration from most debris from blast

Bomb Blast Resistance

LAG Configurations

Single LiteForced EntryBomb BlastHurricaneAcoustical

Safety

Laminated InsulatedSame as Single Plus:Energy ConservationEnhanced Acoustical

Double Laminated Available

Multi-ply LaminatedSame as Single Plus:

Enhanced Forced EntryEnhanced Forced Exit

Bullet ResistanceEnhanced Blast Resistance

Bomb Blast Review

Blast

• Bomb Blast Events are common• Glass part of terrorist's arsenal• Flying glass shards major contributor to

injuries• Blast wave damage upon penetrating the

building• Interlayers in Laminated Glass have

been tested for common and extreme blast levels

Bomb Blast BasicsChronology of a blast event

0.0

Time (milliseconds)

Ove

rpre

ssu

re (

psi

)

Positive Phase

Negative Phase

Awareness

Other Blast Considerations• Debris• Glass Retention• Secondary debris• Surrounding buildings…

sympathetic damage

Blast Test Methods and

Standards

Standards/Specifications

• Test Methods– ASTM F 1642 – GSA/ISC-TS01-2003– ISO 16933 (arena)

• Related Documents– UFC – Unified Facilities Criteria

– AAMA 510 - Voluntary Guide Specification for Blast Hazard Mitigation for Fenestration Systems

– ASTM F 2248 Specifying an Equivalent 3-second Duration Design Loading For Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

– ASTM C 1564 Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems

Testing Methodology

• Shock Tube

• Arena Testing

Testing Methodology

• Shock Tube– Single Lite per test– Reproducible Shock– Typical for Initial R&D– Less Expensive than Arena

LAG Reaction During Blast

– Lite cracks as static strength is surpassed

– Laminate deforms inward

– Interlayer absorbs blast energy as it deflects

– Laminate deters accompanying debris

– Energy transferred to frame

– Laminate reacts with an elastic response

– Interior & Exterior protected due to Retention

Large Shock Tube

Photo Courtesy of Baker Risk – San Antonio, Tx

Testing Methodologies

• Arena Testing– Several lites tested simultaneously– True blast event with negative pressure– Expensive – Weather Restrictions may apply

SOD 100ft (30 m)

SOD 50ft (15 m)

Explosive in tube

Specimen Chambers

Blast Detonation

Product Testing

• Qualifications– Hazard Rating– Protection Levels

• Requirements– Government Requirements– Project Specific (Industry)

Post Blast Analysis

– Blast Information– Glass Crack / Shatter– Glass Retention/Opening– Location of Shards– Damage to Witness Panel

No BreakNo Hazard

Minimal Hazard

VLHVery Low Hazard Zone

LHLow Hazard Zone

HHHigh Hazard

Zone

Blast Protection/Hazard Rating

Blast

Window

Threshold

0.5 m

Threshold

2.0 m1.0 m

0.6 mISC/GSA

12

3a 3b

4

5

Classification and Performance

• GSA Levels– Level C Building 4 psi /28 psi*msec– Level D Building 10 psi/88 psi*msec– Based on 44” x 66” opening

• Other Government/Private Sector– UFC: 6 psi/ 42 psi*msec– DoS: 42 psi/260-300 psi*msec– ASTM: Levels not provided

PVB Laminate Response

– Lite cracks as static strength is surpassed– Laminate deforms inward – PVB absorbs blast energy as it deflects– Laminate deters accompanying debris– Some energy transferred to frame– Laminate “vacillates” (neg. phase & elasticity)– Interior & Exterior protected due to retention

performance

Blast Test with Annealed

Blast Resistant GlazingRetrofit Installations

Glazing Tape

ExistingAluminum Frame or Window

Glazing Tape

Retrofit Frame

Laminated Glass

Setting Block 1/8 - 1/4” thick

(positioned at bottom of glass only - 6” from corners &

midpoint)

Existing Glass

Blast Test with Laminated

20 psi ; 78 psi*msec700 lb. TNT Equivalent

From the OUTSIDE!

20 psi ; 78 psi*msec700 lb. TNT Equivalent

From the INSIDE!

Twin Span – Curtain Wall

Pre-test: 6 psi

@ 42 psi*msec

Twin Span – Curtain Wall

Post-test: 6 psi

@ 42 psi*msec

System Design

Importance of Framing Design – Frame must withstand designed and transferred loads– Adequate Frame attachment to the structure– Anchoring of laminate into frame – sealant, tape

• minimum 1/4” – at least as thick as Blast Resistant Glazing• glass depth bite up to 1”

Laminate Configuration– Structural load governs minimum thickness and

treatment– Interlayer minimum 0.030” (0.76 mm) for AN– Recommend 0.060” (1.52 mm) for HS or FT

Security: Blast Trends

• Government mandates for laminated glass

• Annealed and Heat Strengthened Glass

• Standard PVB in 30 or 60 gauge

• Laminated Insulating Units

• Double Laminated for Essential Facilities

• Rational Analysis of Tested Systems

Security: Blast Trends continued…

• Multifunctional Units• Glazing into Hurricane Approved Systems• Specifications following Government

Guidelines• Social Responsibility of Building Owners• Psychological Need for Protection

CONCLUSIONSLaminated Glass with PVB

– High performer in bomb blast protection• Protects building structure, occupants and surroundings

– Wide Application Range– Top choice for New Construction– Retrofit capable and feasible – Resists the impact from debris– Offers high levels of retention– Must Follow Loads from Glass to Building– Must consider all design parameters

Additional ProtectionSafety, Sound and Solar

Meets all the Federal and Voluntary safety glazing standards:

ANZI Z97.1 CPSC 16 CFR 1201

(Consumer Product Safety Commission)

Resist penetration, won’t shatter into dangerous fragments

Benefits of Laminated GlassSAFETY

Benefits of Laminated GlassSOUND

Reduces unwanted sound and noise

Typical STC ratings between 32-36, specific constructions 40-50.

Can reduce perceived noise by up to 50%

Benefits of Laminated GlassSOLAR

Screens out 99% of harmful & damaging UV rays to 380 nm equivalent to SPF 50+

Protects delicate plants, fabrics, carpets, and furniture from fading

Can use tinted PVB to reduce solar heat gain, reduce glare

1000’s of design possibilities with color

For both interiors and exteriors w/ heat & light stable pigments

Benefits of Laminated GlassAesthetic

Christian La Croix

Project Showcase

Las Vegas Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Federal Courthouse Architect: Architect: Dworsky

Associates

Oklahoma City Federal Campus Oklahoma City Federal Campus Architect: Architect: Ross Barney and Jankowski Architects

Eagleton Federal Courthouse St. Louis, MO Eagleton Federal Courthouse St. Louis, MO Architect: Architect: HOK

Oasis 21 Nagoya, Japan Oasis 21 Nagoya, Japan Architect: Architect: Obayashi Corporation

South Beach Cinema Miami, FL South Beach Cinema Miami, FL Architect: Architect: Zyscovich, Inc.

Tokyo International Forum Tokyo International Forum Architect: Architect: Raphael Vinoly Architects

Laminated Glass ProtectionSummary

Application • Safety Glazing

• Main Force Entry

• Ballistic

• Windborne Debris (SM)

• Windborne Debris (LM)

• Seismic

• Bomb Blast

Basic Configuration*. . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer / Glass

. . . . . . . Glass / 0.060” interlayer / Glass

. . .. . . . . . . . . Multi-layer glass with 0.015” interlayer

. . . . . . Glass / 0.060” interlayer / Glass

. . . . . . . . Glass/ 0.090” interlayer, or 0.075” composite interlayer / Glass

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer/ Glass

. . . . . . . . . . . . Glass / 0.030” interlayer / Glass

*Minimum interlayer thickness depending upon type with glass designed for appropriate structural load

Information & Support

• Websites • Product Literature• Master Format

Specs• Spec Reviews• Technical Support• Custom Samples Architectural Glazing Solutions Architectural Glazing Solutions

Centre: 1-877-674-1233 Centre: 1-877-674-1233

www.Saflex.com

Questions?

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© Solutia Inc. 2007