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MOTIVATION THEORIES , HIERARCHY OF NEED THEORY, 2 FACTOR THOERY
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MOTIVATIONWhatever you do will be insignificant, but it is important that
you do it
What is Motivation?
Process which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers a behaviour or a desire that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. • Needs drives incentives
All the internal conditions that stir up activity and sustain activity of an individual.
• Starts and sustain activities
Process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in process and regulating the pattern of activity.
• Starts, sustain and regulate.
3 Groups of Motivational Theories
Internal Suggest that variables within the individual give rise to motivation and behavior
Example: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
Process Emphasize the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment.
Example: Expectancy theory
External Focus on environmental elements to explain behavior.
Example: Two-factor theory
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
Given by ABRAHAM MASLOW
Needs were categorized as five levels of lower-higher-order needs.
Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs.
Satisfied needs will no longer motivate
Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
SOCIAL NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
Relevance of Maslow’s Theory for Managers
Effective managers can anticipate emerging needs based on individual need profiles and provide opportunities for
fulfilment
The esteem level of needs satisfied by jobs and recognition provides managers with the greatest
opportunity to motivate better performance
Expectancy theory
• Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. Expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom.
Expectancy theory
Work required
A level of performance
The final outcome
To reach
Which should lead to
Instrumentality: how confident you are that the goal really will lead to the outcome.
Valence: how much you really want the outcome.
Expectancy: how confident you are that if you put in the effort required you will actually reach the goal.
Expectancy theoryExpectancy• If I try, will I
succeed?
Instrumentality• If I succeed,
what are the
consequences?
Valence
• How do I feel
about the
consequence
s?
Two-factor theory
On the basis of research with engineers and accountants, Frederick Herzberg in the 1950’s developed the Two Factor Model for Motivation• Two factor model
Maintenance & Motivational Factors
Two-factor theory
Two-factor theory
• e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence
• These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary.
Hygiene Factor
• challenging work, recognition, responsibility that give positive satisfaction
• arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth
Motivation Factor
Two-factor theory
Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction
• Company policy & administration
• Supervision• Interpersonal Relations• Working conditions• Salary• Status• Security
• Achievement• Achievement recognition • Work itself• Responsibility• Advancement• Growth
Motivation factors increase job satisfaction
Two-factor theory• PROBLEMS
It ignores situational variables.
No overall measure of satisfaction was utilized.
The reliability of Herzberg methodology was questioned.
THANK YOU