Critical minerals for ruminants and non –ruminants

Presented by :-

Dr .M.G.Nikam (RVD/12-16)PhD Student Department of Poultry ScienceC.V.Sc R’nagarHyderabad

Critical minerals for ruminants and non –ruminants

“Minerals comprises of the ash obtain after complete

oxidation of organic substances or biological material”.

Inorganic components of the diet

Makes up 3-5% of the body weight of animal

Macro Minerals:” Minerals normally present at greater levels in

animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet (found in

concentrations > 100 ppm)”

Micro (Trace) Minerals: “Minerals normally present at low levels

in animal body (found in concentrations < 100 ppm).”

MACRO Minerals

Calcium (Ca)

Phosphorus (P)

Sodium (Na)

Chloride (Cl)

Magnesium (Mg)

Potassium (K)

Sulfur (S)

Micro (Trace) Minerals

Cobalt (Co)

Copper (Cu)

Fluoride (Fl)

Iodine (I)

Iron (Fe)

Manganese (Mn)

Molybdenum (Mo)

Selenium (Se)

Zinc (Zn)

CRITICAL MACRO MINERALS :-

Sr.No Mineral % concentration in animal body

1. Calcium 1.5

2. Phosphorus 1.0

3. Sodium 0.16

4. Chlorine 0.11

Critical Micro minerals Sr.No Mineral % concentration mg/kg

1. Iron 20-80

2. Zinc 10-50

3. Copper 1.5

4. Selenium 1.7

5. Iodine 0.3-0.6

6. Manganese 0.2-0.5

MINERAL CONTENT IN FEED

Sr.No Particulars % mineral content

1. Green fodder 1.2-2.5

2. Dry fodder 6-6.5

3. Cereals 1.5-4.5.

4. Cereal by product 4.5-5.5

5.. Meat meal 15

CALCIUM:-

Take part in the formation of bone,

teeth and cartilages Increases the activity of Thrombokinase

for blood clotting Maintain acid base equilibrium Plays active role in enzyme synthesis Control cell permeability

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- Maintenance :-14 gms/day Milk production :-2.3 gms/kg of milk

production in addition to the maintenance ration

Poultry:- Chicks:-1.8%/kg feed Layer :-3% - 4%/ kg feed

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Tetany,rickets,osteomalacia,osteoperosis in animals

Lower the egg yield & soft shelled eggs in Poultry

Milk fever in milk producing animals Poor bone development

Phosphorus

Component of bone. Nearly (80%) body P is in bone

Used as ATP for activation of many inert molecules in high energy bond

Take part in oxidation of carbohydrate

Structural constituent in cell component of phosphoprotein, phospholipids & nucleoprotein

Component of cell buffer system

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- Maintenance :-14 gms/day Milk production :-2 gms/kg of milk

production

Poultry:- Chicks:-1.5%/kg feed Layer :-0.75%/ kg feed

DEFICIENCY PHOSPHORUS

Loss of appetite & weakness Rickets in young birds/animals & Osteomalacia /pica

in animals Stunted growth in young animal Low fertility and low milk yield Layers Decreased egg production, cage fatigue, reduced

egg size, poor shell quality, blood spot, mottled yolk Breeders Decreased hatchability, poor performance

offspring,

SODIUM AND CHLORIDE

Helps in maintaining in pH and volume in body fluid

Necessary for transmitting energy impulses in nerves

Essential for absorption of certain essential nutrients

Function in the permeability and carrier of cell

Helps in activation of intestinal amylase and essential component of gastric juice

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- 0.5% or 21.3gms/day

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS SODIUM AND CHLORIDE-

Loss of appetite

Growth retardation

Poor feed utilization

Decrease in plasma fluid volume

Inactivity of Gonads

Corneal keritinization

Reduced egg production and hatchability

Cannibalism and molting in layer birds

SALT TOXICITY

Too much salt lead to toxicity or salt injury characterized by dehydration of body cell and death

 

IRON :-

An essential component of haemoglobin and myoglobin (90%)

An integral part of several enzymes ( oxidases, oxygenase, peroxidase, Catalase)

Essential for pigmentation of feather along with lysine & folic acid in colored feather chicken

Sources Of Iron Green leafy material, legumes,meat,blood and fish

meal Milk is poor source of iron.

Absorption of iron Absorbed through the gastro intestinal tract Mainly in the duodenum and jejunum

Iron Toxicity Results in alimentary disturbances ,reduced

growth and Phosphorus deficiency

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- 500 mg/day

Poultry:- 20mg/kg feed

DEFICIENCY :-

Macrocytic & Hypochromic anemia

Low growth rate ,

Poor feathering ,

Depigmentation of feathers ,

Embryonic Mortality in Chicks from 9-15 days

MANGANESE

Small quantity present in animal body, Highest percentage is found in bones,

liver, kidney, pancreas and pituitary glands.

Sources- Forages, Rice bran are richest source,

whole rice

MANGANESE :-

An integral part of many enzymes arginase , pyruvate , carboxilase,

Activate several enzymes hydrolases , kinases, & transferase

Involve in development of bone organic matrix

Help in biosynthesis in choline and cholesterol

Essential for insulin synthesis

Maintenance of immune system

Inhibits lipids peroxidation

Required for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- 16-25 mg/kg of ration Swine 10mg/kg ration

Poultry:- 55mg/kg feed

DEFICIENCY :-

Perosis ( chondrodystrophy ),slipped tendon in chicken.

Enlarged hock joints

Reduced growth ,hatchability ,poor shell quality

Ataxia and star gazing posture

ZINC:

Sources- Brans are the richest source, wheat

middlings,zinc salt and zinc Chloride,molasses

Also found in yeast and animal protein sources like meat and fish meal.

ZINC:-

Zn is found in every tissue in the animal body Accumulates in bones rather than liver. High conc. is found in skin, hair and wool.

Functions :- Activator of enzymes

Influences production secretion and storage of testosterone, insulin and adrenal corticosteroids

Act as anti-oxidant and protect cell membrane

Essential for integrity of immunity system

DEFICIENCY

Reduced milk production, poor fertility, loss of hair in cattle's

Inflammation of nose and mouth, stiffness of joint and parakeratosis in calves.

Subnormal growth ,decreased appetite, poor FCR in pigs.

Decrease in weight of lymphoid organ Reduced hatchability ,Embryonic

abnormality Reduced feed intake ,utilization delayed

sexual maturity ,reduced egg production ,Poor feathering in chickens

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :-9 mg/kg of ration

Swine:-50mg/kg ration

Sheep:-18-22 mg/kg ration

Poultry:-35mg/kg feed

COPPER Help in red blood cell formation, synthesis of

plasma proteins-celluloplasmin An integral part of lysil oxidase and component of

cytochrome oxidase help in synthesis of phospholipids

Useful for proper utilization of iron

Involved in electron transport mechanisms

Participate in process of osteogenesis and pigmentation of feathers

SOURCES OF COPPER Seeds and seed byproducts Liver and glandular meal Dried whey Peanut meal Pasture

Copper molybdenum interrelationship- Excess Mo leads to poor absorption and

storage of copper salt,

Deficiency of Mo cause more absorption and storage of copper in the body.

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- 5-7mg/kg of ration

Sheep:- 10-12 mg/kg ration

TOXICITY OF COPPER

Excess copper gets accumulated in the liver.

Cattle and pigs are resistant to copper poisoning upto some extent.

Sheep are susceptible for chronic copper poisoning resulting in chronic necrosis of liver cell

DEFICIENCY

Anemia

Enlargement ,thickening of aorta due to defective elastin formation

Fragile long bone and lameness

Shelless and Misshapen eggs

IODINE :-

50% of Iodine is found in thyroid gland as thyroxin.

It is also component of Di-iodo-tyrosine

Sources:- Food of marine origin like fish meal and seaweed

FUNCTIONS :-

Thermoregulation

Intermediary metabolism

Cell oxidation

Neuromuscular function

Growth and reproduction

REQUIREMENT

Cattle :- 0.1 mg/kg of ration

Swine:- 0.2mg/kg ration

Poultry:- 0.35mg/kg feed

DEFICIENCY

Enlargement of thyroid gland

Poor growth ,egg production ,egg size

Abnormally long and lacy feather

Accumulation of fat, stillbirth

Decreased hatchability and sperm count

SELENIUM :-

Sources Green pastures contains Seleno

methionine

SELENIUM :-

A component of Glutathione peroxidase an enzyme cell membrane which prevents oxidative cell damage

Organic form Seleno methionine rapidly absorbed compared to inorganic form sodium selenite

Function Protects the cellular and sub cellular

membrane from oxidation Important component for value addition of

poultry meat

DEFICIENCY ;-

Exudative diathesis

Nutritional muscular dystrophy Reduction of egg production Embryonic mortality in layer breeders

Toxicity- Alkali disease and blind staggers in

cattles,buffaloes,sheep

Dag-Nala disease

REFRENCES

Mineral nutrition of livestock (3rd edition) E.J.Underwood Trace elements in human and animal

nutrition E.J.Underwood

Animal nutrition 5th edition Mc donold etal,

Handbook of poultry nutrition V.Rama Subba Reddy