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WRC Project No. K5/2099
SA Water Footprints: Key Insights to Case Studies
Global Water Risk ‘More than half of Global 500 respondents (53%) have experienced
detrimental water-related business impacts . . . as as high as US$200 million
(…and)
more respondents (68%) report exposure to water-related risks’
CDP Water Disclosure, 2012
What was this project about?
How Water Footprints can be carried out by
South African corporates?
agriculture and the industrial sector
Examine case studies
Present key insights and take away messages
Water Risks facing Business
Why do a water footprint?
Enterprise risk
Disclosure
Regulatory engagement
WF for SA
Green water, 45 927
Blue water, 7 123
Grey water, 5 803
South Africa: WF of National Production
(Mm3/yr)
Crop Production, 35027
Animal Supply, 10901
Domestic, 0
Industry, 0
Green WF (Mm3/yr)
Crop Production, 6412
Animal Supply,
282
Domestic, 390
Industry, 38
Blue WF (Mm3/yr)
Crop Production, 3126 Animal
Supply, 0
Domestic, 2368
Industry, 309
Grey WF (Mm3/yr)
Economy of South Africa
Agriculture, forestry and
fishing 3% Mining and quarry
6%
Manufacturing 17%
Electricity, gas and water 2%
Construction 4%
Wholesale, retail and motor trade,
catering and accommodation
13%
Transport, storage and
communication 10%
Finance, real estate and
business services 24%
General government
services 15%
Personal services 6%
Economy of South Africa
Agriculture, forestry and
fishing 3% Mining and quarry
6%
Manufacturing 17%
Electricity, gas and water 2%
Economy of South Africa
Agriculture, forestry and
fishing 3% Mining and quarry
6%
Manufacturing 17%
Electricity, gas and water 2%
Finance, real estate and
business services 24%
Key Sectors Explored
Agricultural products
(apples, pears & grapes)
Processing
Blue, green & grey WF
Extractive component
Chemical industry
Blue & grey WF
Agricultural goods
(Carrots & beans)
Processed goods (cheese)
Manufacturing & downstream use
(dishwashing liquid)
Blue, green & grey WF
Extractive component
Energy industry
Blue & grey WF
Economic contributor
Agriculture
Extractives
Manufacturing
Water Use in the Supply Chain
Manufacturing
/ Production Inputs
Distribution &
Sale
Consumer
Use
Company
WF
Facility
WF(s)
Product
WF(s)
SA Water Footprint Path
Key Challenges and Insights
Truncation of the supply chain
Type of water footprint: blue, green or grey
Defined time period
Production versus consumption
Buy-in from high level water managers
Agreement on data sharing
Key Challenges and Insights
Identifying the data you need & collecting it
Insufficient data & data accuracy
Chain summation vs step-wise cumulative approach
Examine every water footprint on its own merit
Attribution of water footprint
Interpretation of the Grey Water Footprint
Key Challenges and Insights
Environmental Indicators
Economic and Social Indicators
Key Challenges and Insights
Local
Government Communities,
CBOs & NGOs
Water User
Associations
Basin
Authorities
Stakeholder
Platforms
Water Ministries
& National Government Provincial/State
Government
Water
Utilities
Water Footprint
Assessment
Informative
Integrative
Collaborative
Consultative
Dependency
LOW
HIG
H
Internal Interest/Capacity RequirementEx
tern
al In
tere
st /
Cap
acit
y R
equ
irem
ent Reserve
Capacity/Interest
Reserve Interest/Capacity
Critiques of Water Footprint
Conceptual challenges Natural assimilative capacity of environment is not accounted for
Currently no policy on WF as a tool for water resources management
Methodological or technical considerations Problematic representations of water quality
Evapotranspiration: Gross vss Net
Sustainability & appropriate responses to WF is still emerging: Without a context, comparing WF is unhelpful
Simplifying WF to a risk weighting is also unhelpful
Difficult to access accurate data Linked to buy in from water managers in a company
Standardising the applications of WF definitions
Variation in water quality standards is a challenge for Grey WF
Recommendations
Methodology, Assessment and Data Get company involvement in the decision making
Standardise data usage
Employ expert practitioners
Always consider contextual issues
WF is both a metaphor and a metric
Institutional and Policy Implications Aim to encourage voluntary disclosure and transparency
Get agreement on industry-wide approach and application
Increase support for WF as a mainstream WRM tool