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Science, Technology and innovation policy
Merit course – 2006
� The evolution of innovation policy� A neoclassical perspective on innovation
policy� An evolutionary perspective on innovation
policy
Big Science and WW II
� Francis Bacon (1627), J.D. Bernal (1939) and V. Bush (1945)
� The social and economic utility of science� Large scale projects: Manhattan Project,
nuclear energy, Apollo programme (Big Science)
� Little science and the linear model
Science policy
� Mobilization of sufficient funds and allocation to projects / disciplines
� Serendipity vs. demand steering
� A modern issue: should university knowledge be patented?
Technology policy
� Science based technologies as an engine of growth
� Specialization and strategic industries (Krugman’s strategic trade)
� Latecomers and catching-up
Technology policy questions
� Which technologies?� At what stage of development?� What about competition?� The market knows best?
Innovation policy
� Innovation as a broad phenomenon (not only high-tech sectors)
� Innovation systems:– systemic failures (lack of coordination)– Interaction (public-private)
� Learning and education
Neoclassical policy: market failure
� Spillovers and the lack of incentives– Basic science (the Ps)– R&D subsidies (growth models)
� But also: negative spillovers– R&D taxes?
The implementation of policies
� Tax cuts vs. subsidies� Additionality of R&D subsidies?� “Picking winners”? and generic vs. specific
policies
Evolutionary innovation policy
� The blind watchmaker revisited– Does the free market generate enough
experimentation?
� No role for optimality� The adaptive policymaker (Metcalfe)
Adaptive policy – the basics
� A disequilibrium approach: deviant economic behaviour drives change
� Innovation systems are capable of multiple responses to incentives
� Innovation outcome is unpredictable� Brings in resources and capabilities (to
manage innovation processes)
Collaboration and systems
� Linked to the management of innovation resources
� Missing system elements: are all relevant knowledge sources present?– Set up new research organizations– Entrepreneurship
� Missing connections: opportunities and incentives for collaboration– Enhancing awareness– Removing barriers to collaboration
Trends
� Privatization of (semi-)public research organizations
� Globalization and European integration: the FWP
� Entrepreneurship and innovation