(multicellular green plants and advanced algae)

Further divided into 5 divisions

• Division 1 – Thallophyta

(Gr., thallus – plant body without root, stem & leaves, phyton - a plant) Algae

e.g. – Ulothrix, Cladomonas, Ulva, Chara, Spirogyra

Ulothrix Spirogyra

Cladomonas Ulva Chara

• Division 2 – Bryophyta

( Gr., bryon – a moss, a liverwort)

e.g. - Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria

Riccia Marchantia

Funaria

• Division 3 – Pteridophta

( Gr., pteris, - idos – fern)

e.g. – Selaginella, Lycopodium, Marsilea, Equisetum, Azolla, Adiantum, Dryopteris

Selaginella

Lycopodium

Marsilea Equisetum

Azolla Adiantum Dryopteris

• Division 4 – Gymnosperm

(Gr. Gymno – naked, sperma –seed)

e.g. – Cycus, Pinus, Ginkgo

Cycus

Pinus

Ginkgo

• Division 5 - Angiosperm

(Gr., angeion – case ; Sperma - seed)

• Sub Division I – Monocotyledon

( mono – one, cotyledon – seed leaf)

e.g. – Maize, Wheat, rice, onion, sugarcane, barley, banana, coconut

Wheat Rice Sugarcane

• Sub Division II – Dicotyledon ( di – two; cotyledon – seed leaf)

e.g. – Pea, potato, sunflower, rose, banyan, neem, apple

potato

sunflower

banyan

apple

1. Division – Thallophyta

• Most primitive & simple plants. Plant body is not differentiated into stem,root and leaves but it is in the form of an undivided thallus.

• Most are aquatic – marine/ fresh water. Some are terrestrial (live on land near moist places)

• Usually contain green pigment (chlorophyll) for photosynthesis. Some algae have other photosynthetic pigments such as red, brown, blue green and purple)

• Autotrophic

• cellulose cell wall around cell• Vascular tissue absent• Reproduction – Asexual- generally by spores• Sex organs simple, single celled, no embryo

formation• Green algae - Ulothrix, Cladophora, Spirogyra,

Ulva, Chara• Red algae – Batra, Polysiphonia• Brown algae – Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum

2. Division – Bryophyta

• multicellular, small, simplest land plants confined to shady damp places

• Plant body - flat, green thallus in liverworts & leafy, erect structures in mosses

• lack true roots, stem and leaves and have no flower

• True vascular system absent

• Gamatophyte is attached to substratum by means of hair-like outgrowths - Rhizoids

• Sex organs multicellular, embryo formed after fertilization

e.g. – liverworts – Riccia, Marchantia

mosses – Funaria, SphagnumRiccia Funaria

3. Division – Pteriodophyta

• Found in shady & damp places• plant body is made of root, stem and leaves• Vascular system – well developed • have no flowers & do not produce seeds• sex organs – multicellula & jacketed by sterile

cells, fertilized egg develops into embryo• e.g. Selaginella, Lycopodium, Equisetum,

Marsilea, Azolla, Adiantum, Dryopteris, Pteris, Pteridium

4. Division – Gymnosperm • Most primitive & simple seed plants

• seeds are naked & not enclosed within fruits

• usually perennial, evergreen and woody plants

• e.g. – Cycus, Pinus (pine) , Cedrus (deodar) , Ginkgo

CycusPinus

Ginkgo

5. Division – Angiosperm

• Highly evolved plants

• Seeds are enclosed within fruit

• Reproductive organs are aggregated in a flower

• Embryo in seeds have structures called ‘ cotyledon’ – (seed leaves)

On basis of the number of cotyledons angiosperms are divide

in 2 groupsDivision Angiosperm

Subdivision Monocoteledon Dicotyledon

Seeds Have one cotyledon Have two coteledon

Root system

Fibrous Tap

Stem Hollow (bamboo), Strong stem

Reduced to disc

( onion, garlic),

False stem (banana)

Vascular bundle

Scattered, closed (lack cambium), secondary growth does not occur

Arranged in ring, open (have cambium), undergo secondary division

Leaf Radical (arises directly from soil), sessile (without petiole), parallel venation (e.g. banana)

Petiolate (have petiole), dorsi-ventral (having dissimilar dorsal & ventral surfaces), reticulate venation (e.g. hibiscus)

flower Trimerous (parts arranged in groups of three)

Pentamerous (parts arranged in groups of five)

Examples Maize, Wheat, Rice, Onion, Sugarcane, Barley, Banana, Coconut, grasses

Pea, potato, sunflower, rose, banyan, neem, apple