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Harley Davidson Inc. (2002) the 100th Anniversary.
Prepared by: Fayyaz Ahmed (1402)Kaleem Ullah (3026)Muhammad Salman Qurashi
(0267)Muhammad Talha (0300)
Prepared for: Ahsan Durrani.Subject : Strategic managementSemester: Fall 2014
Industry’s dominant features
• Number Of Rivals:In year 1975 till year 1980, Honda Motor Company introduces a motorcycle named Gold Wing in USA, which gets famous for it low price large touring motorcycle. Whereas, Suzuki and Yamaha were entering the industry with Harley-Davidson look-a-like motorcycles.
Degree Of Product Differentiation:
In year 1981, the company’s management was shifted hands from AMF (American Machine Foundry) towards Vaughn Beals, the head of Harley at that moment. The new management installed a Material as Needed (MAN/JIT) system of inventory for stabilizing the productions and reduce the number of inventories held in warehouse. Management purchase and installs a Computer Aided Design (CAD) system that allows them to change the entire product. In year 2001, Harley – Davidson introduce the V – Rod style for placing its motorcycle cruisers’ engines.
Market Size and Market Growth:
In the U.S., Harley-Davidson (H.D) has growing its appeal across borders and generations 35.9% of total productions of motorcycles were shipped to international markets.
Analyze Porter’s five forces acting on the industry?
Force1 – Rivalry among the competitive sellers of same industry: In North America, 43% Harley – Davidson 651+ CC motorcycle were registered in year 2001, rest 57% market share is with rivals. In Europe, the market share of Harley – Davidson 651+ CC motorbikes is 7%, rest 93% is with the rivals. In Asia-Pacific, H.D market share of 651+CC motorcycles is 20%, rest 80% resides with rivals. Rivals of H.D had their rivalry on product style, design, ease of service, and performance features. The market is reaching to its maturity and availability of motorcycles with easiness of working alongside with it plays an important role in determining the level of profit earned. The major rivals all around the world are Honda Motors, Suzuki Motors, Yamaha Motors, BMW Motors, Ducati Motors, and Kawasaki Motors.
Force2 – Firms in other industry offering substitute products: Heavyweight motorcycles are a luxury item for the vast
majority of consumers so there are few close substitutes for heavyweight motorcycles that could serious affect the market. Passenger cars are weak substitutes for heavyweight motorcycles because consumers rarely purchase them to satisfy transportation requirements. These bikes are more of a luxury item than a necessity for traveling from point A to point B. Even though motorcycles may be better through traffic and use less gasoline than a car a consumer purchasing a motorcycle for these reasons would be more inclined to purchase a lighter motorcycle, which would be more maneuverable and fuel-efficient than a heavyweight bike.
Force3 – Bargaining power of buyers: Individual buyers have high
bargaining power as they have a choice in switching between the products offered in the industry. Individual buyers have sufficient bargaining leverage for influencing the terms of sale in their favor. Another factor of high bargaining power of buyers is the moderate or less differentiation between the motorcycles.
Force4 – Bargaining power of Supplier: The suppliers and/or manufacturers of
651+ CC motorcycles have low bargaining condition. But the suppliers of repair parts have a moderate bargaining power for the engines repairs as the substitute available for specific engine repair parts are hard to find. Buell has the potential to influence the market as they are customizing the engine as per the collaboration with HD.
Force5 – Potential new entrants’ threats:
The threats of new entrants is very low because the new entrant have to bring some drastic change in the infrastructure of motorcycle building as the industry is going towards maturity.
“Porter’s five forces summary”
Forces Strategic Significance
Internal Rivalry LOW-MODERATE
Threat of New Entrants LOW
Threat of Substitutes Products LOW-MODERATE
Bargaining Power of Buyers HIGH
Bargaining Power of Supplier LOW
Threats for new entrants
Factors HUFA
MUFA
Neutral
MFA HFA comment
Economies of scale
Capital required
Access to distribution channels
Expected retaliation
Differentiation
Brand Loyalty
Experience Curve
Govt. Action
Small
Low
Ample
Low
Low
Low
Insignificant
Low
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
Large
High
Restricted
High
High
High
Significant
High
It is too high because industry leader has been working for the last century.Because of luxuries industry183 new outlets have been established.Major shareholder so may be retaliate or not.
Exit BarriersFactors HUA MUA Neutral MA HA Comments
Specialized Assets
Fixed Cost of Exit
Strategic interrelationship
Government Barriers
Hi
Hi
Hi
Hi
1
2
3
4
LOW
Low
Low
Low
Competitive Rivalry
Factors HUFA MUFA
Neutral MFA HFA Comment
Composition of Competitors
Mkt. Growth rate
Scope of competition
Fixed storage Cost
Capacity Increase
Degree of differentiation
Strategic Stake
Equal Size
Slow
Global
High
Large
Commodity
High
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
Unequal Size
High
Domestic
Low
Small
High
Low
Threats of Substitutes Products
Factors HUFA MUFA N MFA HFA Comment
Threat of Obsolescence of Industry’s product
Aggressiveness of substitute products in promotion
Switching Cost
Perceived price/ value
Hi
Hi
Low
Hi
1
3
4
5
Low
Low
High
Low
Powers of BuyersFactors HUFA MUFA N MFA HFA Comment
Number of Important buyers
Threat of Backward integration
Product supplied
Switching cost
% of buyer’s cost
Profit earned by buyer
Importance to final quality of buyers Pr.
Few
High
Commodity
High
High
Low
High
1
2
2
2
3
5
5
Many
Low
Specialty
Low
Low
High
Low
Powers of SuppliersFactors HUFA MUFA N MFA HFA comment
# of important Suppliers
Switching cost
Availability of substitutes
Threat of forward integration
Importance of Buyer industry to supplier’s profit
Quantity purchased by the industry of supplier’s product
Suppliers product an important input to the buyer’s business
Few
High
low
High
small
low
Highly Important
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Many
Low
high
Low
large
High
Less important
Over All Industry Attractiveness
Factors Unfavorable Neutral Favorable
Entry Barriers
Exit Barriers
Rivalry among existing firms
Power of buyers
Power of Suppliers
Threat of substitutes
1
1
1
2
3
3
QNO3) what are the Drivers of change for the industry?
There are many forces which play main role in shaping the industry so does in biking industry there are some very crucial forces are influencing and changing industry direction some most important of them are this four forces or drivers which are being explained in below description.
1) Regulatory Influences and Government Policies:
Steel tariffs had been put by President Bush in 2002 on steel that posed a threat toward all steel using manufacturing products and biking industry was one of those industries which has great used of steel in their bikes.
Assessment of Impact:If steel tariffs put in place it surely posed a
great threat because the cost of manufacturing bike will increase and it will leave a great impact on the industry on the one hand it will reduce the demand of bikes if bikes prices increased less people would like to make a purchase or shift to substitute on the other hand it will decrease the profitability of the firms as cost increases. This result could be loopholes big enough to drive a flatbed of cold-rolled sheet metal through.
Needed Strategy Changes:
Companies should make a bond with internal American steel supplier so by doing this those manufactures would have a competitive advantage over rivals who will purchase expensive tariff levied steel from the other world, so by internally steel purchasing one manufactures can cope up with this industry changing force and make it an opportunity and increase profitability.
RECESSION MAY ALSO SHAPE THE INDUSTRY AND
MAKE A TURN TOWARD DIFFERENT DIRECTION SO
IT DID HAPPEN IN THIS INDUSTRY AS WELL.
2) Global Recession:
Assessment of Impact:
When the recession collides to the economy, people tend to save money instead of investing into stocks and inclined not to purchase luxuries and as heavy bikes are also parts of recreation not mostly used for typical transportation. So this industry has also felt the impact by this driver of change.
Needed strategy Changes:
Harley strategy was also doing favorable in spite of recession because Harley had seen sales and stock price growth and among the 17 wall street analysts were tracked by Bloomberg where 16 rated it buy and only one hold” it. That’s a clear sign of attraction in Harley stocks, by this there strategy seemed to hold true that this is a recession-resistant, but off course it’s not recession proof.
3) Changes in who buys the
Product and how they use it:This is another driver of change as it moving the
this industry toward a new direction which is
making its way as more and more females using
this heavy bikes where as It had believed to be the
man love to have a heavy bike or it used to be the
masculinity sign but the percentage of purchases of
heavy bikes made by ladies have been increasing
every years.
Assessing impact:
The change in purchaser demography may
have an impact on the industry as it’s creating
new gender into purchasing the product of this
industry it will also increase the demand of
product as more buyers are entering into the
industry it can alter industry and competitive
condition.
Needed Strategy Changes
Harley must need to take females into
consideration, while designing their bikes in
order to attract more this demographic
purchaser, they can also design a different model
for females that may have less weight than the
male one but will seem and maintain the same
shape and design with a heavy and rough image.
Q1) what is the present strategy of the company?
Business Strategy:
Focused differentiation
Company exclusively focused on heavy weight motorcycle segments.
Distinctive design and well known for heavy customization.
Best style and quality.
Not just a product but symbols of American Free-spiritedness.
Brand focused on becoming a "lifestyle brand” or “a cult brand”.
A strong bond between Customers and Product.
Had made it beyond competition.
Majorly the target group is people age between 35 and above.
First to launch “The ladies of Harley” for women.
1. VERTICAL INTEGRATION
HD uses both backward and forward integration More than 750 suppliers of g&s are used in the
design and manufacture of motorcycles, parts and accessories
The control of inputs is a necessary part of just-in-time manufacturing
HD has been backward integrating to maintain control over the quality of suppliers
HD owns most of its distributors Distributing completed motorcycles throughout
the world HD is responsible for the delivery of parts and
accessories
2. HORIZONTAL DENSIFICATION
HD has acquired Buell Motorcycles and Eagle mark Financial Services, in order to provide new product lines for their customers.
Buell was acquired in order to be able to provide customers with a V-twin powered Sport motorcycle.
This type of motorcycle has become increasingly popular with the younger and European riders.
Eagle mark provides motorcycle financing, motorcycle casualty insurance and extended service contracts for HD and Buell motorcycles.
They also issue the HD Chrome VISA Card, allowing riders and customers to show their brand loyalty.
Q2) How well is the company’s present strategy working? (complete financial analysis for the last three years)
Particulars 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997
Gross Profit to sales ratio 35.1 34.1 34.1 33.5 33.3
Net Income To sales ratio 13.0 12 10.9 10.3 9.9
Interest income to sales ratio 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4
Cost of goods sold to sales ratio 64.9 65.9 65.9 66.9 66.7
Profit before tax to sales ratio 20.0 18.9 17.2 16.3 15.7
Selling expense to sales ratio 17.2 17.7 18.2 18.3 18.6
Working Capital 949154 799521 430840 376448 342333
Current Ratio 2.3 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.9
Quick Ratio 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.4 2.9
Debt to equity ratio 78% 73.30% 81.90% 86.40% 93.40%
Debt to Asset ratio 43.60% 42.30% 45.02% 46.30% 48.30%
Receivable turnover 12.8 days 12.3 days 15.1 days 63.7 days 21.2 days
Inventory turnover 30.2 days 36.5 days 38.1 days 41.4 days 36.4 days
Days of operating cycle 43 days 48.8 days 53.2 days 105.1 days 57.6 days
Key External Factors Weight Rating Weighted score
OPPORTUNITIES
The European demand for Harley Davidson is the highest in the international market and represents the single largest motorcycle market in the world 0.15 4 0.6
The international heavy weight market is growing and is now larger than the U.S. heavyweight market 0.15 4 0.6
Women and younger riders are increasing interested in bikes 0.1 3 0.3
Market share is increasing in Europe and Asia for the last two years 0.1 3 0.3
Increasing demand in US markets for bikes 0.1 2 0.2
Customers value quality parts 0.025 1 0.025
THREAT
Harleys ongoing capacity restraints caused a shortage supply and a loss in domestic market share in recent years 0.15 4 0.6
Harleys average buying age is 42 years old and increasing 0.1 3 0.3
The European Union's motorcycles noise standards are more stringent than those of Environmental Protection Agencies in the U.S. and increased environmental stand 0.025 3 0.075
Some competitors of Harley Davidson have larger financial and marketing resources and they are more diversified 0.025 2 0.05
Environmental protection laws 0.025 4 0.1
Buell division needs to continue to produce a quality motorcycle under Harley's brand name 0.05 1 0.05
TOTAL 1 3.2
Q3) what are the opportunities and strengths faced by the company? Develop an EFE Matrix?
EXTERNAL ANALYSIS FACTOR (EFE) MATRIX
Q4) what are the strength and weaknesses of the company? Develop an IFE matrix?
INTERNAL ANAYLSIS FACTOR (IFE) MATRIX
Key External Factors Weight Rating Weighted score
STRENGTHS
Strong brand name 0.15 4 0.6
It has strong market department 0.15 3 0.45
Strong relations built on trust and respect with suppliers and dealers0.1 3 0.3
It is only major American motorcycle manufactures 0.1 3 0.3
The standard and performance segments of Harley Davidson make up 70 % of the European heavy weight motorcycle market 0.1 4 0.4
strong financial performance 0.05 4 0.2
WEAKNESSES
Harley Davidson doesn’t emphasize price in it’s product 0.1 2 0.2
Loss of benefits 0.1 3 0.3
Lack of opportunity for advancement 0.1 3 0.3
Facing ongoing capacity constraints 0.05 4 0.2
TOTAL 1 3.25
Q5) Identify the strategic issued/problems faced by the company?
The first and foremost addressed problem was for Harley was
facing the national competition in this market.
Retail motorcycle financing
Banks and different financial institution that provide retail financing
to local markets.
Wholesale financing market condition of Banks and other
institutions and aircraft manufactured were also giving a tough time.
In September 28 they also had to face a Lawsuit which was lodged
against them by a nationwide class. The reason behind it’s that the
repairing suits were defective found.
Capacity constraints led to decreased international market share
Due to rapid expansion, quality control suffered.
The first issue Harley-Davidson must successfully address is the fact that consumers see the firm’s products primarily as leisure items. This means that in many consumers’ eyes, purchasing motorcycles, performance parts, and high-dollar apparel is a luxury rather than a necessity. Because of this, Harley’s products must compete for funds from what at least sometimes can be volatile discretionary budgets for consumers.
Harley-Davidson is challenged to effectively specify its target market as a first step to appropriately serving that market’s needs. Historically, the firm’s target market has been males between the ages of 29 and 55. However, in the last decade, Harley-Davidson has pursued younger riders and women as a means of expanding its target customer segments.
Demands and cost drivers for the motorcycle market are ever changing. Overseas competitors have shifted their focus from being the least expensive to being affordable and to providing a wider variety of motorcycles to customers as options to purchase. This competitive shift has put pressure on Harley-Davidson’s key markets and has forced the firm to respond.
Q6) Develop TOWS matrix?
TOWS ANALYSIS:
S-O Strategies
Expand production into Europe and Asia Expand marketing to female riders
S-T Strategies
• Increase strong brand name
W-O Strategies
• Pursue foreign markets more agressively
W-T Strategies
• Improve employee relationships
Q7) Identify the alternative strategies which may be suitable to resolve the issue? Expand into Foreign Markets
• Asia
• Europe Product Development
• Expand Motorcycle line for younger market
• Buell expansion Concentric Diversification
• Other recreational vehicles
• Expand HOG and BRAG owner member groups Made new alliances with some local bike companies to produce low
cost in India Increasıng dıversity programing
• Tour
• museum Increasing Adversting Activities
Q9) Recommend strategy that the company should follow?
1 BRANDING TO GENERATION Y
The goal of this paper is to get insights into the Harley-Davidson brand and to make it more attractive to young people outside the US. In the following paragraphs, generation Y and how they can be targeted more efficiently will be described by using research of Van den Bergh on this subject. (VAN DEN BERGH, Joeri, 2011)
1.1 AUTHENTICITY/ REALNESS Van den Bergh states that authenticity is still one of
the major drivers for young people to consider a brand. (VAN DEN BERGH, Joeri, 2011). Authenticity however, is not anymore about origin, history and heritage but all about being honest to yourself, to your consumers and to society. The classic interpretation of authenticity should never be shouted but only be whispered. Eristoff has used this insight to build “Pretty honest for a vodka-campaign”.
Recommendation 1: If Harley-Davidson wants to appeal to young people, it has to keep it real and it has to stay true to itself.
Recommendations (contd.)1.2 SELF-IDENTIFICATION WITH THE BRAND The new generation is stimulus junkies. They have grown up in a
society where advertising and stimuli are omnipresent. They know advertising is there to sell products but they couldn’t be bothered less about it. Content is king but they have more trust in people than ever. Friends help this generation decide what to buy and employees or shop personnel are key to sell products. Brands that appeal to this generation use social media and don’t push their messages but engage the new consumer by offering him control.
1.3 UNIQUENESS Another thing that is very important for branding to young people
is uniqueness. On this subject, Harley-Davidson has to stick to its brand positioning and brand
DNA. Trying to change this identity will damage the brand.
Recommendations (contd.) 2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 QUALITY
The product quality of Harley-Davidson is one of its weaknesses. This will have to be fixed. If Harley-Davidson wants to keep high brand equity, it will have to improve the quality of its products. 2.2 BRAND MANAGEMENT EXTENSION
If the brand wants to stay relevant for every consumer, Harley-Davidson will have to develop marketing programs for every life stage of the consumer. New consumers and old consumers both have a different depth of relationship with the brand but both need tailored communication plans. Apply Kapferer’s model for brand management extension and adapt marketing programs to different consumer life stages.
Recommendation (contd.)◦ BRAND EXTENSIONS
Harley-Davidson made a mistake by launching too much category extensions like perfume but not only this kind of category extension can harm the brand. It is not wise for Harley-Davidson to start producing bikes in the race category or performance category. First of all, extending the Harley-Davidson brand in these categories will damage the brand DNA and secondly, buyers of these kinds of motorcycles will never be convinced about Harley-Davidsons brand values. They have other values and they will never match those of Harley-Davidson. Creating a new sub brand can be a solution if it is financially possible. If Harley-Davidson wants to avoid brand dilution, the brand has to be more careful with category extensions.
Line extensions on the other side, can help to strengthen the brand and to make it more attractive to certain target groups.
Recommendation 8: Continue introducing line extensions but avoid too much line extensions to remain profitable.
Recommendation (contd.) BRAND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Placing the brand communication strategy behind the recommendations may seem a bit strange, but since this brand communication strategy is based on the recommendations, it is better to present it here. TARGET AUDIENCE
The target audience of the new brand communication strategy is young people between 20 and 35 who are attracted by values like freedom, pleasure and dreams with a touch of rebellion. Men as well as women have to be taken into consideration, eventually with different but consistent communication plans. Because of the current customer profile of Harley-Davidson, the new brand communication has to appeal to baby boomers as well without driving them away from the brand.