Grammar BookGrammar Book

Linares Linares

77thth Period Period

By:By:

Marcelo PoggioMarcelo Poggio

Table Of ContentsTable Of Contents

Page 1-Present(ar,er,ir)Page 1-Present(ar,er,ir) Page 2-Stem ChangersPage 2-Stem Changers Page 3-Irregular “yo”Page 3-Irregular “yo” Page 4-Saber vs. ConocerPage 4-Saber vs. Conocer Page 5-ReflexivesPage 5-Reflexives Page 6-“se” ImpersonalPage 6-“se” Impersonal Page 7-DipthongsPage 7-Dipthongs Page 8-Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cirPage 8-Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir Page 9-hace + _ + que + _Page 9-hace + _ + que + _ Page 10-ImperfectoPage 10-Imperfecto

Present(ar,er,ir)Present(ar,er,ir)

Ar: Ar:

O O

As As

AA

AmosAmos

ÁisÁis

AnAn

1

Er:oese

emoséisen

Ir:oese

imosísen

Stem ChangersStem Changers

Combine verbs in the rootCombine verbs in the root A. “e” A. “e” “ie” “ie” B. “e” B. “e” “I” “I” C. “o” C. “o” “ue” “ue” D. “u” D. “u” “ue” “ue” Do not combine nosotros nor Do not combine nosotros nor

vosotrosvosotros

Irregular “yo”Irregular “yo”

““go” verbs- Caer, decir, oir, go” verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir.poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir.

““zco” verbs- conocer, producir, zco” verbs- conocer, producir, conducir, y los demás- ser, estar, conducir, y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver, saber, darir, ver, saber, dar

Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer

Saber- To know a fact or to know how Saber- To know a fact or to know how to do something.to do something.

yo sé nosotros sabemos yo sé nosotros sabemos

tu sabes vosotros sabéis tu sabes vosotros sabéis

él sabe ellos saben él sabe ellos saben Conocer- To know someone or to be familiar

with someone.yo conozco nosotros conocemos

tu conoces vosotros conocéis

él conoce ellos conocen

ReflexivesReflexives

A verb is reflexive when the subject A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.and the object are the same.

For Example: I hurt myselfFor Example: I hurt myself

When a verb is reflexive, the When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."infinitive ends in "se."

““se” Impersonalse” Impersonal

The Impersonal se is used with a The Impersonal se is used with a third person singular verb. (one, third person singular verb. (one, you, people, or they).you, people, or they).

Used to indicate people in Used to indicate people in general, not one person.general, not one person.

For Example: For Example: ¿Cómo se dice rojo en español? ¿Cómo se dice rojo en español? How does one say red in Spanish?How does one say red in Spanish?

DipthongsDipthongs

The strong or weak vowels in the The strong or weak vowels in the word next to each otherword next to each other

A, e, o are the strong vowel soundsA, e, o are the strong vowel sounds

I, u, y are the weak vowel soundsI, u, y are the weak vowel sounds

Verbs like-ger/gir, Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/ciruir/guir, cer/cir

Ger or Gir Ger or Gir change G-J in change G-J in the “yo” form.the “yo” form.

For Example:For Example:Exigir (to Exigir (to

demand)demand)ExiExijjooExigesExigesExigeExigeExigimosExigimosExigExigísExigen

Cer/cir If the verb ends in a vowel add z before the c in the yo form only.

If the verd ends in a consonant change the c to a z in the yo form only

hace + _ + que + _hace + _ + que + _

Hago-The only irregularHago-The only irregular HacesHaces Hace Hace HacemosHacemos HacenHacen The yo form is the only irregularThe yo form is the only irregular

ImperfectoImperfecto

1. What was happening, happened, 1. What was happening, happened, used to happen.used to happen.

2. To describe people or things in the 2. To describe people or things in the past.past.

3. To describe a state of mind, an 3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past.opinion, or a feeling in the past.

4. To express the time of day in the 4. To express the time of day in the past.past.

5. When describing an action that was 5. When describing an action that was in the process of happening.in the process of happening.

6. To set the stage, describe, a 6. To set the stage, describe, a situation or setting.situation or setting.

Preterite TensePreterite Tense

e ie i

aste iste aste iste

o o o o

amos imosamos imos

aron ieronaron ieron

SpockSpock

Hacer- hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, Hacer- hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieronhicieron

Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronIr- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronSer- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Dar- I, iste, io, imos, ieronDar- I, iste, io, imos, ieron Ver- I, iste, io, imos, ieronVer- I, iste, io, imos, ieron

CucarachaCucaracha

Andar anduve eAndar anduve e Estar estuv isteEstar estuv iste Poder pud ioPoder pud io Poner pus imosPoner pus imos Querrer quis ieronQuerrer quis ieron Saber sup Saber sup Tener tuvTener tuv Venir vinVenir vin Conducir condujConducir conduj Producir produjProducir produj Traducir tradujTraducir traduj Traer trajTraer traj Decir dijDecir dij

Snake/SnakeySnake/Snakey

Stem changers & Y changers Stem changers & Y changers Snake: Snake: dormirdormirDormi’ dormimosDormi’ dormimosDormisteDormisteDurmio’ durmieronDurmio’ durmieron

SnakeysSnakeysLeerLeerLei’ leimosLei’ leimosLeisteLeisteLeyo’ leyeronLeyo’ leyeron

Trigger WordsTrigger Words

Ayer Ayer Anoche Anoche AnteayerAnteayer La semana pasadaLa semana pasada

El FuturoEl Futuro

Infinitive & e’, a’s, a’, emos, a’nInfinitive & e’, a’s, a’, emos, a’n Add it on end. Vivir -> vivire’Add it on end. Vivir -> vivire’ Ir + a + infinitiveIr + a + infinitive

Irregular FutoroIrregular Futoro

Decir-dir-to sayDecir-dir-to say haber-habr-there to be haber-habr-there to be

[impersonal]; to have [helping [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]verb]

Hacer-har-to make,doHacer-har-to make,do Poder-podr-to put, place, setPoder-podr-to put, place, set

PorPor

Portal- the idea of passing throughPortal- the idea of passing through Portugal- general rather than specific locationPortugal- general rather than specific location ““por”ever- how long something lastspor”ever- how long something lasts Porpose- the case of somethingPorpose- the case of something Import/export- an exchangeImport/export- an exchange Im por, pay for me- doing something in place of or Im por, pay for me- doing something in place of or

instead of someone elseinstead of someone else Trans”por”tation- a mean of transportationTrans”por”tation- a mean of transportation

ParaPara

Surprise paratay- to whom Surprise paratay- to whom something is donesomething is done

Parangari- destinationParangari- destination Paradoname- to express an Paradoname- to express an

opinionopinion Com”para”son- to contrast or Com”para”son- to contrast or

comparecompare Paramedic- to express the idea of Paramedic- to express the idea of

a deadline.a deadline.

Condicional | FuturoCondicional | Futuro

CondicionalCondicional

íaíaíasíasíaíaíamosíamosíaisíaisíanían

Futuroéásáemoséisán

Preterite | ImperfectoPreterite | Imperfecto

PreteritePreterite

ééasteasteóóamosamosasteisasteisaronaron

Imperfectoabaabasabaábamosabaisaban

Double object pronouns

Place directly before conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.

Give it to me DameloDon't give it to meNo me lo diga

Adverbs

How, when, where, how often and how much

Provide me information about the verb

Often formed by adding -mente Rapido = rapidamente

Subjuctive

Ar = e Er = a Hablar = Hable Hables Hable Hablemos Hableis Hablen

Se impersonal

Main clause + subordinate clause connected by que

Facts, actions, definite Se bueno que Es malo que Es importante que

Progressive + ir, andar, seguir

-ing Ir + present participle = slowly

but surely ing Andar + present participle = is

going around ing Seguir + present participle = is

still ing