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FIRE PREVENTION &FIRE PREVENTION &CONTROL SERVICESCONTROL SERVICES
Mohd Rodzi Ismail
2
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Definition of fire prevention & control system:– “Protection in the aspects of fire prevention,
control and extinguishment for a certain area based on the availability of risks in that area" (JPBM:1997)
3
FIRE PREVENTION & CONTROL SYSTEM
FIRE PREVENTION & CONTROL SYSTEM
PASSIVEPASSIVE ACTIVEACTIVE
• Portable extinguishers• Alarm detection• Hose reels• Automatic extinguishers• Pressurised escape route• Smoke extraction &
ventilation
• Portable extinguishers• Alarm detection• Hose reels• Automatic extinguishers• Pressurised escape route• Smoke extraction &
ventilation
• Design of buildings• Structure• Fabric• Components & their
installation
• Design of buildings• Structure• Fabric• Components & their
installation
(Building services area)
4
PORTABLE FIRE PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUSHERSEXTINGUSHERS
Bucket of water and sands –inadequate
Colour coded cylinders containing compressed liquids and gasses appropriate to various sources of fire
– Standard fire fighting equipment in all commercial & public buildings
5
Colour-coded cylinders, content and application (BS)Colour-coded cylinders, content and application (BS)
6
Objective of portable fire extinguishers– To remove or sufficiently reduce at least one
component of the fire trianglefire triangle
7
8
9Fire alarm circuit
Alarm bell
Alarm bell
Break-glass call button
Break-glass call button
1.5 m above floor level
ALARM DETECTIONALARM DETECTION
10
Objectives of automatic fire detectors– To indicate location of the outbreak of fire– To operate alarm bells, and– To communicate with the local authority
Various types of operating characteristics:– A bimetallic strip– An ionisation chamber– Light scattering devices– A laser beam
Automatic Fire DetectorsAutomatic Fire Detectors
11
HOSE REELSHOSE REELS
12
Hose reel installationHose reel installation
Direct supply
Indirect supply
13
HYDRANTSHYDRANTS
Internal hydrants: Dry riserInternal hydrants: Dry riser
14
Internal hydrants: Wet riserInternal hydrants: Wet riser
15
Internal hydrants: Foam installationsInternal hydrants: Foam installations
16
AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC EXTINGUISHERSEXTINGUISHERS
Gas extinguishing Gas extinguishing systemssystems
17
Water sprinklerWater sprinkler
Main supply
Cistern supply
Simplified sprinkler installationSimplified sprinkler installation
18
Types of sprinkler heads– Glass bulb– Fusible link– Chemical– Open
19Sprinkler headsSprinkler heads
20Fusible linkFrangible bulb
21Sprinkler bulb colour & rupturing temperatureSprinkler bulb colour & rupturing temperature
22
Spacing and area allocation of sprinklers according to hazard groupSpacing and area allocation of sprinklers according to hazard group
(staggered)
23
Types of sprinkler systems– Wet– Dry– Alternate wet & dry– Tail end– Pre-action– Recycling
24
Wet sprinkler systemWet sprinkler system
Wet sprinkler installation
Wet sprinkler installation
25
Sprinkler controlsSprinkler controls
26
Dry sprinkler systemDry sprinkler system
27
Alternate wet & dry sprinkler systemAlternate wet & dry sprinkler system– Alternate systems can have the pipes full of water for
the summer and be drained down and filled with air (under pressure) for the winter
– This is important for buildings that are not heated.
28
Tail end sprinkler systemTail end sprinkler system– This is a variation on the wet system and the alternate
wet and dry system– It is appropriate where only part of a building is subject
to frost of extremely high ambient temperature
29
PrePre--action sprinkler systemaction sprinkler system
30
Recycling sprinkler systemRecycling sprinkler system– This a development of the pre-action system– The system is used where it is considered appropriate to
limit damage from water after a fire has been extinguished, or when a sprinkler is accidentally fractured
31
Deluge sprinkler systemDeluge sprinkler system
32
Water supplies for sprinkler systems
Elevated reservoirElevated reservoir
33
Water supplies for sprinkler systems
Gravity tankGravity tank
34
Water supplies for sprinkler systems
Suction tank & pumpSuction tank & pump
35
Sprinklers’ pipework configuration
Two-end side with central feed pipe
Two-end side with central feed pipe
36
Sprinklers’ pipework configuration
Three-end side with end feed pipeThree-end side with end feed pipe
37
Sprinklers’ pipework configuration
Two-end centre with end feed
pipe
Two-end centre with end feed
pipe
38
Sprinklers’ pipework configuration
Two-end centre with central feed
pipe
Two-end centre with central feed
pipe
39
Spacing of sprinkler heads relative to adjacent walls
* Refer to the “Spacing of sprinkler heads” table
40
Spacing calculations
41
Pipe sizing
42
PRESSURISED ESCAPE PRESSURISED ESCAPE ROUTESROUTES
Objective– To create greater
air pressure in escape routes than the remainder of rooms in buildings
43
SMOKE EXTRACTION & SMOKE EXTRACTION & VENTILATIONVENTILATION
Objective– To aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic
and inflammable gases from the source of a fire– To retain visibility for escapers, and– To provide clear access for fire fighters
44
Smoke logging & ventilationSmoke logging & ventilation
45
Number & size of vents
Roof vent, ventilator factorRoof vent, ventilator factor
46
Example
Fire vent area calculation
Fire vent area calculation
From table, vent factor is 0.37 mVent area = 50 m x 0.37 m = 18.5 m2
or
18.52000
= 0.0093
Or approximately 1% of the floor area
47
Two methods of smoke control in shopping centres
1. Direct extraction from individual shop units (shop extract)
2. A common extract system (mall extract)
SHOP EXTRACT AND SMOKE SHOP EXTRACT AND SMOKE CONTROLCONTROL
48
Shop extractShop extract
49
Mall extractMall extract
50
DRENCHERSDRENCHERS
51
Fire Preventing in Ventilating Systems
52
Fire Dampers in Ventilation Ductwork
53
REFERENCESREFERENCES
Hall, F. & Greeno, R. (2005). Building Services Handbook. London: ElsvierGreeno, R. (1997). Building Services, Technology and Design. Essex: Longman