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In this issue we look at pig feed
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Digital Re-print - July | August 2014
FEED FOCUS: Pigs
www.gfmt.co.uk
Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872
Most of the feed and food safety assurance systems are focused on prevention of contamination of feed and food materials with undesirable substances or microbiologi-
cal agents.
A certification scheme has three main components: the normative references, the assurance and corrective action tools, and the rules of certification.
The normative references determine what is considered as a safe product for consumption, or what is sustainable or responsible related to environment or society. The rules of certification are about the certification process of companies obtaining for a certificate against the involved certification scheme, which the certification bod-ies have to apply and comply with.
The assurance & corrective action tools are the instruments and procedures, which the company obtaining a certificate have to apply in the daily business operations.
The assurance tools are focused on preventive actions and measurements in order to avoid the occurrence of contamination. A starting point for the control of potential risk is the application of prerequisite programs in order to create a basic level of control.
The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach is important to identify in advance the remaining risks in the process and operations and to determine appropriate control measures, as well as a monitoring plan. A risk could be the purchased / supplied ingredients.
For feed or food safety, a full control of the supply chain can be an option, like followed in the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance certification. In case of product responsibility other supply chain models (material accounting system) can be applied, like book and claim, mass balance and segregated system. Application of a quality management system makes it possible to ensure control measures and monitoring plan in the daily operations in a consistent way.
Besides the preventive measures, also corrective actions need to be applied for the case of the occurrence of contamination.
It is about traceability, recall procedures and early warning. The aim is to reduce the distribution of contaminated lot(s) of feed or food material in the market or withdraw it.
EWS applied within the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance (FSA) certification operates as follows. If a certified company determines a level of undesirable substance(s) exceeding the maximum permit-ted level, it is obliged – besides taking the appropriate control and corrective measurements and informing its customers – to notify the scheme manager GMP+ International as well as the involved certification body.
The primary focus of the certification body is to monitor the application of the appropriate actions and measurements by the involved feed company. The primary focus of GMP+ International is to alert the other GMP+ FSA participants about the occurrence of a concrete contamination event in the market, if the contaminated lots are delivered by supply chain partner(s), or the contaminated lots are or can be delivered to other companies in the market.
In that case, GMP+ International informs all other GMP+ FSA participants about the involved product (generic name), the kind of undesirable substance(s), the detected level(s), and the country of origin. When other GMP+ FSA participants are also buying or dealing with the reported product from the mentioned origin, they can take the right measures, like sampling and analysing or asking guarantees of his supplier.
In 2013, GMP+ International published 29 EWS messages, in 2014 until end July already totally 25.
Sometimes more than one EWS message has been related to the same case. It was about Aflatoxin B1 in maize and copra, lead in deer meal, dioxins in pre-mixture and dried beet pulp, peas, maize and soybean extractions, non-dioxin liked PCB’s in fatty acids, dioxin liked PCB’s in apple pulp, chloramphenicol in pre-mixtures and vitamins, ergot in triticale, wheat and rye, ethyl-esters in fish oil, DON and ZEA in maize and maize gluten feed, ambrosia in maize, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, biogenic amines in fish meal, etc.
Only a limited number was related to a more or less serious feed safety emergency. Most of the reported issues were controlled in an early stage. GMP+ International always tries to find out the source and cause of contamination, because that could be relevant for the risk assessments and could contribute to avoid occurrence in the future. The GMP+ FSA certified companies observe these EWS messages as worthwhile, because it increases their alertness regarding specific risks.
It add also value in comparison of the Rapid Alerts System Feed & Food (RASFF) of the European Union, due to more details and sometimes quicker publication.
Of course, the functioning of EWS depends on the willingness of companies to notify a perceived contamination. The increasing number of EWS notifications is a signal of increasing awareness of the common interest of EWS notification. Recently, GMP+ International tightened the obligation to notify contaminations by classifying non-conformity with this obligation as ‘critical nonconformity’.
My final conclusion is that EWS is a worthwhile measurement in addition to all kind of preventive actions. It contributes to reduce the spread out of contaminated material in the market and therefor, it contributes to reduce the size of a feed safety emergency.
FEED FOCUS
PIGSAdded value of early-warning systems (EWS)
by Johan den Hartog, Managing Director GMP+ International
28 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
Most of the feed and food safety assurance systems are focused on prevention of contamination of feed and food materials with undesirable substances or microbiologi-
cal agents.
A certification scheme has three main components: the normative references, the assurance and corrective action tools, and the rules of certification.
The normative references determine what is considered as a safe product for consumption, or what is sustainable or responsible related to environment or society. The rules of certification are about the certification process of companies obtaining for a certificate against the involved certification scheme, which the certification bod-ies have to apply and comply with.
The assurance & corrective action tools are the instruments and procedures, which the company obtaining a certificate have to apply in the daily business operations.
The assurance tools are focused on preventive actions and measurements in order to avoid the occurrence of contamination. A starting point for the control of potential risk is the application of prerequisite programs in order to create a basic level of control.
The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) approach is important to identify in advance the remaining risks in the process and operations and to determine appropriate control measures, as well as a monitoring plan. A risk could be the purchased / supplied ingredients.
For feed or food safety, a full control of the supply chain can be an option, like followed in the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance certification. In case of product responsibility other supply chain models (material accounting system) can be applied, like book and claim, mass balance and segregated system. Application of a quality management system makes it possible to ensure control measures and monitoring plan in the daily operations in a consistent way.
Besides the preventive measures, also corrective actions need to be applied for the case of the occurrence of contamination.
It is about traceability, recall procedures and early warning. The aim is to reduce the distribution of contaminated lot(s) of feed or food material in the market or withdraw it.
EWS applied within the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance (FSA) certification operates as follows. If a certified company determines a level of undesirable substance(s) exceeding the maximum permit-ted level, it is obliged – besides taking the appropriate control and corrective measurements and informing its customers – to notify the scheme manager GMP+ International as well as the involved certification body.
The primary focus of the certification body is to monitor the application of the appropriate actions and measurements by the involved feed company. The primary focus of GMP+ International is to alert the other GMP+ FSA participants about the occurrence of a concrete contamination event in the market, if the contaminated lots are delivered by supply chain partner(s), or the contaminated lots are or can be delivered to other companies in the market.
In that case, GMP+ International informs all other GMP+ FSA participants about the involved product (generic name), the kind of undesirable substance(s), the detected level(s), and the country of origin. When other GMP+ FSA participants are also buying or dealing with the reported product from the mentioned origin, they can take the right measures, like sampling and analysing or asking guarantees of his supplier.
In 2013, GMP+ International published 29 EWS messages, in 2014 until end July already totally 25.
Sometimes more than one EWS message has been related to the same case. It was about Aflatoxin B1 in maize and copra, lead in deer meal, dioxins in pre-mixture and dried beet pulp, peas, maize and soybean extractions, non-dioxin liked PCB’s in fatty acids, dioxin liked PCB’s in apple pulp, chloramphenicol in pre-mixtures and vitamins, ergot in triticale, wheat and rye, ethyl-esters in fish oil, DON and ZEA in maize and maize gluten feed, ambrosia in maize, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, biogenic amines in fish meal, etc.
Only a limited number was related to a more or less serious feed safety emergency. Most of the reported issues were controlled in an early stage. GMP+ International always tries to find out the source and cause of contamination, because that could be relevant for the risk assessments and could contribute to avoid occurrence in the future. The GMP+ FSA certified companies observe these EWS messages as worthwhile, because it increases their alertness regarding specific risks.
It add also value in comparison of the Rapid Alerts System Feed & Food (RASFF) of the European Union, due to more details and sometimes quicker publication.
Of course, the functioning of EWS depends on the willingness of companies to notify a perceived contamination. The increasing number of EWS notifications is a signal of increasing awareness of the common interest of EWS notification. Recently, GMP+ International tightened the obligation to notify contaminations by classifying non-conformity with this obligation as ‘critical nonconformity’.
My final conclusion is that EWS is a worthwhile measurement in addition to all kind of preventive actions. It contributes to reduce the spread out of contaminated material in the market and therefor, it contributes to reduce the size of a feed safety emergency.
FEED FOCUS
PIGSAdded value of early-warning systems (EWS)
by Johan den Hartog, Managing Director GMP+ International
28 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
Paul Phillips gets back £6 for every £1 spent on Digest-it®
Digest-it treatment boosts slurry value
Increasing the fertiliser value of slurry from the pig-finishing unit on Brian and Paul Phillips’s 670 acre Bridge Farm, Northallerton, is showing good results part-way through a 12 month trial period. They have been treating the slurry in the under-floor storage tanks of their slatted pig-finishing houses with Digest-it®, a live culture of aerobic bacteria. So far, before and after treatment analysis has shown a 6:1 return on the investment in Digest-it in terms of artificial fertiliser replacement value.
Bridge Farm is a mixed enterprise growing cereals, fattening beef cattle and lambs, and running a 200 sow unit with progeny taken through to finish in slatted finishing units. Introduction of NVZ regulations in 2002 raised awareness of the fertiliser potential of the pig manure, and careful consideration of crop nutrient requirements has increased the earning potential of the pig enterprise.
The aerobic bacteria in Digest-it break down slurry solids, releasing the potash and phosphate and converting ammonia nitrogen into organic, plant-available nitrogen. Because increased aerobic microbial activity in the store reduces the levels of the putrefying toxic anaerobic bugs, slurry is converted from a smelly waste to a valuable source of nutrients that support soil fertility and health, and reduces ammonia and smell emissions.
The results of the first 4 months’ treatment are shown below.
Conclusion Digest-it treated slurry has improved the fertiliser value by
£2.30 per m3 at an input cost of £0.36 per m3. This represents a cost effective ratio of 6.4:1.
Slurry is removed from the under-slat storage tanks twice a year: in February, when it is injected into silage ground, and again in the summer onto stubble turnip fields. In the past, stir-ring the slurry has had the potential to cause problems with the pigs housed above it, due to the release of ammonia and other noxious gases. Smell has also been a problem when application to land near housing has been necessary. Digest-it reduces smell significantly, and also helps to keep the slurry in a homogenous liquid state, reducing or eliminating the need for agitation, and making injection easier.
Digest-it is supplied as a liquid which Paul dilutes and pours into the slats from a watering-can once a week. “So far the analysis has shown a really worthwhile improvement,” says Paul, “and with fertiliser costs increasing, every little helps.
PIG SLURRY ANALYSISAnalysis date: 03/02/12 07/06/12 Difference
Sample No.: 244 296 -Sample ID: Pre-
TreatedPost-
Treated-
Total Nitrogen % 0.600 0.836 +39%Total Phosphate % 0.125 0.054 -57%
Total Potash % 0.404 0.688 +70%Slurry Fertiliser Value £/m3 5.87 8.53 +45%Digest-it Input Cost £/m3 --- 0.36 ---
Net Benefit +5.87 +8.17 +2.30 (+48%)
*Slurry Fertiliser Value is based on the following fertiliser unit prices, Nitrogen - £0.96, Phosphate - £0.70, Potash - £0.70.Digest-it is priced at £8.00 per litre, with an application rate of 1 litre per 22m3 of slurry.
July - August 2014 | 29GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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The British pig industry is small in sow numbers but large in global terms due to the widespread export and
influence of UK pig genetics. Furthermore, there are several essential features of the industry:
• Specialised and highly professional• Market-focused• Quality driven with the highest
standards of welfare and safety• Integrated quality assurance• Whole supply chain starting with
advanced genetics.Much of the excellent performance of
UK pigs comes from the genetic potential supplied with the advanced genetics. British breeders are proud of their achievements in continuing to maintain high levels of genetic progress with very little evidence of any ‘plateau’ effect.
A recent publication reported that the achieved commercial value of this genetic progress in the UK was US$19.5 million per year, while current forecasts suggest that future progress could be worth US$30 mil-lion per year.
Among the main techniques employed by British geneticists and breeders to achieve these high levels of genetic progress have been:
• 40 years of focussed within line selection
• Initially emphasis on growth and carcase• Now increasing emphasis on
reproductive performance• Maximising hybrid vigour• Different sire and dam line selection
objectives• Accurate performance testing• Advanced Best Linear Unbiased
Prediction (BLUP)• Sophisticated selection indices• Intensive selection on commercial
rations• Rapid uptake of new technologies,
including biotechnology
Excellent genetic progressThe results of this strategy have been
excellent genetic progress across a range of important economic traits.
As a direct result, the British pig is proving itself consistently superior in the international market place in inde-pendent comparisons. Recent examples of international success are outlined below:
Added value One of the main tools used in the suc-
cessful superior breeding of British pigs has been the use of advanced BLUP, combining trait EBV’s into sophisticated selection indices.
These indices utilise genetic parameters, population data and industry economic val-ues.
The latter are very important as they allow the optimum ranking and weighting of traits. Brief details on the values are shown in Appendix 1. They are:
Value of 0.1 FCR = US$1.73Value of growth (1 day) = US$0.426Value of 1 mm P2 Backfat = US$1.84Value of one extra pig = US$51.59
Averaged across all the presented results, the added value of British sows is US$214 per year. With annual production of 22.5 pigs sold per year, the total added value per sow is a staggering US$374!
Finally, as well as excellent performance, data from the IRTA (Spain) Central Test programme also show significant advantages to UK pigs in conformation across a range of important structural traits:
World leaderResults from independent international
comparisons are showing superior perfor-mance over British global competitors.
The added value of these benefits is highly significant at more than US$200 per sow per year and over US$7 per pig produced. These combine to give a margin of some US$375 for a breeder/finisher using British genes compared with other breeding stock.
GrowthMetabolic body weight = LiveWt0.7570kg pig has M body wt = 700.75 = 24.2Maintenance need per kg M body wt =
0.48MJ DE/dayMaintenance feed requirement = 24.2 x
0.48 = 11.61 MJ/dayAt diet of 13.5 MJ/DE = 0.86kg/dayFeed cost saving = 0.86 x US$0.216 =
US$0.186
Fixed CostsTypical fixed costs to 105kg = US$43From this it is possible to estimate the
‘saving’ per dayA 180 day lifetime gives a fixed cost per
day = US$0.24 Add the cost savings from faster growth
= US$0.186Value of growth (1 day) = US$0.426
AcknowledgementsWith thanks to the British Pig Association
and UPB for access to some of the data presented.
The added value of British pig genetics and feed converstionby Dr Rex Walters, International Genetics Consultant
Appendix 1: Current UK economic values of key traitsFeed ConversionWeight gain: 25 to 105kg = 80kg0.1 FCR saves 80 x 0.1kg of feed = 8kgFeed cost per tonne = US$216Feed cost per kg = US$0.216Feed saving = US$0.216 x 8 = US$1.73Value of 0.1 FCR = US$1.73
British Others Advantage
General conformation 7.85 7.74 +0.11
Head, neck, colour, skin 8.23 7.83 +0.40
Back, loin, thorax 8.14 8.03 +0.09Ham 8.06 7.91 +0.15Legs 7.74 7.53 +0.21
Reproductive organs 8.39 8.13 +0.26
Figure 2: Grower/finisher performance - Terminal sire trials in Germany. Trials in Saxony compared four terminal sire genotypes (British, German Landrace, German Large White and German Pietrain) on a ‘Field’ performance test
Age Weight Growth Fat▪
British 173 120.3 698 8.8Landrace 182 123.9 681 12.0
Large White 185 127.4 689 11.9Pietrain 204 123.9 609 8.5
▪ Average of three measurements (mm) (Source: SSZV, Germany)
Figure 1: Sow performance – Litters and weaned performance (international review)
Litters/sow Weaned/lifetime
Britain 5.4 52.8Netherlands 4.6 39.3
France 4.2 37.6US 4.2 36.8
(Source: Gill)
FEED FOCUS
PIGS30 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
The British pig industry is small in sow numbers but large in global terms due to the widespread export and
influence of UK pig genetics. Furthermore, there are several essential features of the industry:
• Specialised and highly professional• Market-focused• Quality driven with the highest
standards of welfare and safety• Integrated quality assurance• Whole supply chain starting with
advanced genetics.Much of the excellent performance of
UK pigs comes from the genetic potential supplied with the advanced genetics. British breeders are proud of their achievements in continuing to maintain high levels of genetic progress with very little evidence of any ‘plateau’ effect.
A recent publication reported that the achieved commercial value of this genetic progress in the UK was US$19.5 million per year, while current forecasts suggest that future progress could be worth US$30 mil-lion per year.
Among the main techniques employed by British geneticists and breeders to achieve these high levels of genetic progress have been:
• 40 years of focussed within line selection
• Initially emphasis on growth and carcase• Now increasing emphasis on
reproductive performance• Maximising hybrid vigour• Different sire and dam line selection
objectives• Accurate performance testing• Advanced Best Linear Unbiased
Prediction (BLUP)• Sophisticated selection indices• Intensive selection on commercial
rations• Rapid uptake of new technologies,
including biotechnology
Excellent genetic progressThe results of this strategy have been
excellent genetic progress across a range of important economic traits.
As a direct result, the British pig is proving itself consistently superior in the international market place in inde-pendent comparisons. Recent examples of international success are outlined below:
Added value One of the main tools used in the suc-
cessful superior breeding of British pigs has been the use of advanced BLUP, combining trait EBV’s into sophisticated selection indices.
These indices utilise genetic parameters, population data and industry economic val-ues.
The latter are very important as they allow the optimum ranking and weighting of traits. Brief details on the values are shown in Appendix 1. They are:
Value of 0.1 FCR = US$1.73Value of growth (1 day) = US$0.426Value of 1 mm P2 Backfat = US$1.84Value of one extra pig = US$51.59
Averaged across all the presented results, the added value of British sows is US$214 per year. With annual production of 22.5 pigs sold per year, the total added value per sow is a staggering US$374!
Finally, as well as excellent performance, data from the IRTA (Spain) Central Test programme also show significant advantages to UK pigs in conformation across a range of important structural traits:
World leaderResults from independent international
comparisons are showing superior perfor-mance over British global competitors.
The added value of these benefits is highly significant at more than US$200 per sow per year and over US$7 per pig produced. These combine to give a margin of some US$375 for a breeder/finisher using British genes compared with other breeding stock.
GrowthMetabolic body weight = LiveWt0.7570kg pig has M body wt = 700.75 = 24.2Maintenance need per kg M body wt =
0.48MJ DE/dayMaintenance feed requirement = 24.2 x
0.48 = 11.61 MJ/dayAt diet of 13.5 MJ/DE = 0.86kg/dayFeed cost saving = 0.86 x US$0.216 =
US$0.186
Fixed CostsTypical fixed costs to 105kg = US$43From this it is possible to estimate the
‘saving’ per dayA 180 day lifetime gives a fixed cost per
day = US$0.24 Add the cost savings from faster growth
= US$0.186Value of growth (1 day) = US$0.426
AcknowledgementsWith thanks to the British Pig Association
and UPB for access to some of the data presented.
The added value of British pig genetics and feed converstionby Dr Rex Walters, International Genetics Consultant
Appendix 1: Current UK economic values of key traitsFeed ConversionWeight gain: 25 to 105kg = 80kg0.1 FCR saves 80 x 0.1kg of feed = 8kgFeed cost per tonne = US$216Feed cost per kg = US$0.216Feed saving = US$0.216 x 8 = US$1.73Value of 0.1 FCR = US$1.73
British Others Advantage
General conformation 7.85 7.74 +0.11
Head, neck, colour, skin 8.23 7.83 +0.40
Back, loin, thorax 8.14 8.03 +0.09Ham 8.06 7.91 +0.15Legs 7.74 7.53 +0.21
Reproductive organs 8.39 8.13 +0.26
Figure 2: Grower/finisher performance - Terminal sire trials in Germany. Trials in Saxony compared four terminal sire genotypes (British, German Landrace, German Large White and German Pietrain) on a ‘Field’ performance test
Age Weight Growth Fat▪
British 173 120.3 698 8.8Landrace 182 123.9 681 12.0
Large White 185 127.4 689 11.9Pietrain 204 123.9 609 8.5
▪ Average of three measurements (mm) (Source: SSZV, Germany)
Figure 1: Sow performance – Litters and weaned performance (international review)
Litters/sow Weaned/lifetime
Britain 5.4 52.8Netherlands 4.6 39.3
France 4.2 37.6US 4.2 36.8
(Source: Gill)
FEED FOCUS
PIGS30 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF July - August 2014 | 31GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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FEED FOCUS
Protease enzymes, an important factor in protein digestion, hydrolyze the proteins found in animal feeds and
break them down into more useable peptides which are short chains of amino acids.
Endogenous proteases are naturally pro-duced in the intestine.
The addition of a highly efficient exog-enous protease to the feed improves the digestibility of dietary protein.
Consequently, the feed cost is reduced by allowing lower crude protein (CP) and digestible amino acids (AAs) inclusion levels in feed formulation. The levels of CP and digestible AAs in the formu-lation can be effectively low-ered by up to 10 percent, increasing the use of alterna-tive feedstuffs in substitution to soybean meal; therefore reducing the risk of intes-tinal disorders caused by protein fermentation is also bringing significant economic benefits.
Recent researchRecent research with
poultry and swine has shown that diets supple-mented with a protease enzyme support gut health and optimise animal per-formance as compared to un-supplemented diets. This was explained by the effect the enzyme had on reducing the anti-nutrition-al effects of indigestible proteins in the hindgut of the animal (see Figure1).
The use of alternative protein sources in place of soybean meal (SBM), such
as cottonseed meal (CSM), canola meal, rapeseed meal, meat and bone meal (MBM) and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can reduce the level of quality protein and AA digestibility.
Supplementing with protease helps those monogastrics that lack adequate levels of endogenous enzymes to digest the proteins in the diet. Supplemental protease also reduces the flow of undigested protein and other anti-nutritional factors entering the large intestine.
Without supplemental protease, indi-gestible protein serves as a fermentation substrate in the gut for undesirable bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium
perfringens, Salmonella and Campylobacter. These harmful bacteria use the proteins
that are not digested by the animal, as nutri-ents and can increase in population, shifting the balance of intestinal microflora against beneficial strains, a situation typically referred to as ‘Dysbacteriosis.’
If pathogenic bacteria thrive, they can produce toxic components such as bacte-riotoxins as well as fermentation metabolites such as biogenic amines, ammonia and volatile sulfur compounds. All of which can be detrimental to performance by favor-ing oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation and lesions, increasing both mortality and morbidity rates.
Gut morphology – Poultry Research
In the gastrointestinal system, the villi increase sur-face area for absorption by the intestinal wall. Measuring the intestinal villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio is a stand-ard parameter for identifying gut efficiency. Higher ratios
indicate better intesti-nal function Wang, et al. (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008).
One study looked at the effect of a serine-pro-tease derived from Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 fer-mentation on gut mor-phology in broilers with two protein sources.
Researchers fed one group of broilers SBM as a digestible protein while a second group received half of its protein requirement from CSM which has a higher level of indigestible protein than SBM.
Highly efficient protease enzymes reduce costs, optimise performance and sustain optimum health in Pigs & Poultry
Use of feed protease enzymes offer formulation cost savings by allowing inferior quality protein alternatives to be used in feed. An efficient protease improves the digestibility and availability of proteins so alternative sources can be used when prices of grain and oilseed meal fluctuate. Recently, poultry and swine research shows evidence of added value from optimised animal health and performance upon the use of such proteases in the feed.
by Dr Ajay Bhoyar, Senior Manager, Global Poultry Marketing, Novus International Inc, USA
PIGS
Figure 1
Figure 2
32 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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FEED FOCUS
Protease enzymes, an important factor in protein digestion, hydrolyze the proteins found in animal feeds and
break them down into more useable peptides which are short chains of amino acids.
Endogenous proteases are naturally pro-duced in the intestine.
The addition of a highly efficient exog-enous protease to the feed improves the digestibility of dietary protein.
Consequently, the feed cost is reduced by allowing lower crude protein (CP) and digestible amino acids (AAs) inclusion levels in feed formulation. The levels of CP and digestible AAs in the formu-lation can be effectively low-ered by up to 10 percent, increasing the use of alterna-tive feedstuffs in substitution to soybean meal; therefore reducing the risk of intes-tinal disorders caused by protein fermentation is also bringing significant economic benefits.
Recent researchRecent research with
poultry and swine has shown that diets supple-mented with a protease enzyme support gut health and optimise animal per-formance as compared to un-supplemented diets. This was explained by the effect the enzyme had on reducing the anti-nutrition-al effects of indigestible proteins in the hindgut of the animal (see Figure1).
The use of alternative protein sources in place of soybean meal (SBM), such
as cottonseed meal (CSM), canola meal, rapeseed meal, meat and bone meal (MBM) and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can reduce the level of quality protein and AA digestibility.
Supplementing with protease helps those monogastrics that lack adequate levels of endogenous enzymes to digest the proteins in the diet. Supplemental protease also reduces the flow of undigested protein and other anti-nutritional factors entering the large intestine.
Without supplemental protease, indi-gestible protein serves as a fermentation substrate in the gut for undesirable bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Clostridium
perfringens, Salmonella and Campylobacter. These harmful bacteria use the proteins
that are not digested by the animal, as nutri-ents and can increase in population, shifting the balance of intestinal microflora against beneficial strains, a situation typically referred to as ‘Dysbacteriosis.’
If pathogenic bacteria thrive, they can produce toxic components such as bacte-riotoxins as well as fermentation metabolites such as biogenic amines, ammonia and volatile sulfur compounds. All of which can be detrimental to performance by favor-ing oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation and lesions, increasing both mortality and morbidity rates.
Gut morphology – Poultry Research
In the gastrointestinal system, the villi increase sur-face area for absorption by the intestinal wall. Measuring the intestinal villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio is a stand-ard parameter for identifying gut efficiency. Higher ratios
indicate better intesti-nal function Wang, et al. (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008).
One study looked at the effect of a serine-pro-tease derived from Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 fer-mentation on gut mor-phology in broilers with two protein sources.
Researchers fed one group of broilers SBM as a digestible protein while a second group received half of its protein requirement from CSM which has a higher level of indigestible protein than SBM.
Highly efficient protease enzymes reduce costs, optimise performance and sustain optimum health in Pigs & Poultry
Use of feed protease enzymes offer formulation cost savings by allowing inferior quality protein alternatives to be used in feed. An efficient protease improves the digestibility and availability of proteins so alternative sources can be used when prices of grain and oilseed meal fluctuate. Recently, poultry and swine research shows evidence of added value from optimised animal health and performance upon the use of such proteases in the feed.
by Dr Ajay Bhoyar, Senior Manager, Global Poultry Marketing, Novus International Inc, USA
PIGS
Figure 1
Figure 2
32 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
www.idma.com.trwww.idma.com.tr
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The CSM-fed group had damaged intes-tinal morphology, suggesting a higher rate of protein fermentation and more intestinal challenges. Results showed that adding pro-tease to the diet significantly increased the gut’s efficiency, regardless of the protein source. The protease overcame the negative effects of the CSM.
Figure 2 shows the same effects when even different types of diets were used, in this case typical corn-SBM diets (Odetallah, unpublished data 2003).
The photo on the left, from broilers fed control feed with no protease, shows a dam-aged intestine with small, misshapen villi and deeper crypts. The image on the right, from broilers fed the protease, highlights gut mor-phology that is more adequate for nutrient absorption with tall villi exhibiting uniform height and shorter crypts as compared to the control.
In a more recent study published in World’s Poultry Science Journal (Yan et al; 2012), researchers tested the effect of a protease supplement in broilers challenged with a triple-dose coccidiosis vaccine and fed high-protein diets.
The control group was fed a standard, 22 percent protein diet. The other group was fed excess protein at a 30 percent level to specifically provoke a flow of indigestible protein in the hindgut and measure the impact of adding protease.
As previously mentioned, fermented pro-teins can promote the growth of harmful bacteria in the gut. This study, therefore,
measured C. perfringens levels in digesta.
When the protein content of the feed was increased, C. perfringens levels increased sig-nificantly (see Figure 3), which is a well-known risk factor for necrotic enteritis.
However, levels decreased when protease was added with the additional protein. A reduc-tion effect was experienced in regard to these pathogenic bac-teria on the fermented protein, as compared to the control group.
Protease enzymes help overcome several of the nega-tive effects of protein fermenta-tion by breaking down proteins in the feedstuffs.
In addition to helping reduce pathogenic bacteria, the protease enzyme also reduced the secretion of acute-phase protein. Levels of serum a-1-acid glycoprotein were meas-ured to indicate gut barrier function and inflammation. Study results show that adding protease to the high-protein diet significantly improved the inflammatory status of the animals.
Gut Morphology – Pig ResearchWith pigs, marked changes in gut struc-
ture and function occur after weaning, such as villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. These generally are associated with poor
performance as they can cause a temporary decrease in feed intake, as well as in the digestive and absorptive capacity of the small intestine. In comparison, an increase in the villus-to-crypt ratio is associated with better nutrient absorption.
Intestinal inflammation cause villus atro-phy and, thus, reduce nutrient digestibility.
The hypothesis that the immune response to dietary antigens, some of which are derived from soy protein such as glycinin and b-conglycinin, leads to local inflammation is considered one of the most plausible rea-sons for the nutritional weaning-associated morphological changes in the pig intestine.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced
Figure 3: Protease Controls the Effect of Pathogenic Bacteria on Poultry
34 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
Turning ideas into opportunities.PROGRESSIVE AQUAFEED PROCESSING
Imagine the possibilities
wenger.com
BElGIUm TAIwAN BRASIl ChINA TURkEy INDIA
Leave it to Wenger to redefine aquatic feed production via twin screw extrusion. Based on the proven Wenger Magnum twin-screw series, the new TX-3000 features barrel geometries that allow greater capacities than any other extruder in its class.
The combined features allow increased production capacity of up to 30 percent compared to previous and competitive aquatic machines — totally redefining cost/benefit. The TX-3000 can be equipped
with either the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) or the High-Shear Conditioner (HSC) to match specific process and capacity requirements, making it ideal for processing a full range of aquatic feed products.
Contact us now. With new concepts and visionary leadership, we’re ready to help you select the right tools for your extrusion and drying needs.
Our business in life is not to get ahead of others, but to get ahead of ourselves. —Stewart B. Johnson, Dutch Artist
TX-3000 RAISES ThE BAR ON AQUATIC FEED PRODUCTION
Wenger14.TX3000.Ad.210x147.indd 1 4/9/14 7:34 AM
F
The CSM-fed group had damaged intes-tinal morphology, suggesting a higher rate of protein fermentation and more intestinal challenges. Results showed that adding pro-tease to the diet significantly increased the gut’s efficiency, regardless of the protein source. The protease overcame the negative effects of the CSM.
Figure 2 shows the same effects when even different types of diets were used, in this case typical corn-SBM diets (Odetallah, unpublished data 2003).
The photo on the left, from broilers fed control feed with no protease, shows a dam-aged intestine with small, misshapen villi and deeper crypts. The image on the right, from broilers fed the protease, highlights gut mor-phology that is more adequate for nutrient absorption with tall villi exhibiting uniform height and shorter crypts as compared to the control.
In a more recent study published in World’s Poultry Science Journal (Yan et al; 2012), researchers tested the effect of a protease supplement in broilers challenged with a triple-dose coccidiosis vaccine and fed high-protein diets.
The control group was fed a standard, 22 percent protein diet. The other group was fed excess protein at a 30 percent level to specifically provoke a flow of indigestible protein in the hindgut and measure the impact of adding protease.
As previously mentioned, fermented pro-teins can promote the growth of harmful bacteria in the gut. This study, therefore,
measured C. perfringens levels in digesta.
When the protein content of the feed was increased, C. perfringens levels increased sig-nificantly (see Figure 3), which is a well-known risk factor for necrotic enteritis.
However, levels decreased when protease was added with the additional protein. A reduc-tion effect was experienced in regard to these pathogenic bac-teria on the fermented protein, as compared to the control group.
Protease enzymes help overcome several of the nega-tive effects of protein fermenta-tion by breaking down proteins in the feedstuffs.
In addition to helping reduce pathogenic bacteria, the protease enzyme also reduced the secretion of acute-phase protein. Levels of serum a-1-acid glycoprotein were meas-ured to indicate gut barrier function and inflammation. Study results show that adding protease to the high-protein diet significantly improved the inflammatory status of the animals.
Gut Morphology – Pig ResearchWith pigs, marked changes in gut struc-
ture and function occur after weaning, such as villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. These generally are associated with poor
performance as they can cause a temporary decrease in feed intake, as well as in the digestive and absorptive capacity of the small intestine. In comparison, an increase in the villus-to-crypt ratio is associated with better nutrient absorption.
Intestinal inflammation cause villus atro-phy and, thus, reduce nutrient digestibility.
The hypothesis that the immune response to dietary antigens, some of which are derived from soy protein such as glycinin and b-conglycinin, leads to local inflammation is considered one of the most plausible rea-sons for the nutritional weaning-associated morphological changes in the pig intestine.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced
Figure 3: Protease Controls the Effect of Pathogenic Bacteria on Poultry
34 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
Turning ideas into opportunities.PROGRESSIVE AQUAFEED PROCESSING
Imagine the possibilities
wenger.com
BElGIUm TAIwAN BRASIl ChINA TURkEy INDIA
Leave it to Wenger to redefine aquatic feed production via twin screw extrusion. Based on the proven Wenger Magnum twin-screw series, the new TX-3000 features barrel geometries that allow greater capacities than any other extruder in its class.
The combined features allow increased production capacity of up to 30 percent compared to previous and competitive aquatic machines — totally redefining cost/benefit. The TX-3000 can be equipped
with either the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) or the High-Shear Conditioner (HSC) to match specific process and capacity requirements, making it ideal for processing a full range of aquatic feed products.
Contact us now. With new concepts and visionary leadership, we’re ready to help you select the right tools for your extrusion and drying needs.
Our business in life is not to get ahead of others, but to get ahead of ourselves. —Stewart B. Johnson, Dutch Artist
TX-3000 RAISES ThE BAR ON AQUATIC FEED PRODUCTION
Wenger14.TX3000.Ad.210x147.indd 1 4/9/14 7:34 AM
F
during the immune response to infection might alter protein and lipid metabolism and, as a result, influence growth and efficiency of gain.
Solving the dilemma of dietary protein level at weaning
Supplementation with protease enzymes, likewise, improved weight gain and feed conversion for weaned pigs but reduced feed intake. While most proteins in SBM are easily digested in mature pigs, newly weaned pigs lack ample endogenous protease activity
so some proteins are especially difficult for them to digest.
In addition to that, piglets are very sensi-tive to excess protein fermentation in the intestines.
The challenge is that piglets have high requirements for digestible proteins to pro-mote early growth and muscle deposition.
However, as mentioned earlier, high-pro-tein diets pose problems due to pathogenic bacteria causing scours, intestinal disorders and morbidity. While a common practice is to lower the protein level in feed to reduce
health problems, this is done at the expense of growth and performance
Moreover, newly weaned pigs are immu-nosensitive to the allergenic SBM proteins glycinin and b-conglycinin which make up approximately 40 percent and 30 percent respectively of total soybean globulin pro-teins.
These proteins cause intestinal inflam-mation and lead to villus atrophy, disruption of gut barrier functions and loss of appetite. They can impair immune function in newly-weaned pigs. When combined with the stress of weaning, the weaned pig’s nutrient metabolism and immune function can be seriously impaired.
In a recent study when a highly efficient protease was used, weaned piglet perfor-mance was not affected by crude protein levels, driven by the inclusion rate of soy-bean meal.
This result is consistent with other stud-ies. Adding a protease caused less produc-tion of ammonia nitrogen, reduced the E. coli population in the cecum, the total anaerobes in the colon and the fecal score in the same way as reducing crude protein, while sustaining growth performance
Significant results in weaning pigs
Research conducted by Wang et al. (Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2011) to study the effect of a serine - protease on nutrient uti-lization, gut health and performance during the 21 days after weaning. A group of nurs-
Figure 4: Protease effect on piglet growth rate and feed efficiency
Figure 5: Protease Effect on Piglet Ileum Morphology
July - August 2014 | 35GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY F
ery pigs was fed a control diet with 19 percent protein with and without protease and the other group a high protein diet (22 percent) with and without protease.
Study results showed a significant improvement in performance when diets were supplemented with protease as measured by a marked improvement in growth and a 14 percent improvement in feed efficiency regardless of a low- or high-protein diet (see Figure 4).
Part of the reason for that might be attributed to the improvement in digestibility.
However, researchers also found that protease was able to break down 90 percent of the allergenic components of the SBM in vitro, the glycinin and b-conglycinin, which may be another reason why the protease-supplemented piglets performed better. Using pro-tease also allows for improved intestinal functions by support-ing a better morphology as evidenced by improved villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio in this study.
Increased crypt depth in both the jejunum and ileum and a higher villus-to-crypt ratio in the ileum were observed in pigs supplemented with pro-tease enzyme after weaning.
The improvement in appar-ent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, and phosphorus in piglets fed diets supplemented with protease enzymes is likely a consequence of this improve-ment in intestinal morphology (see Figure 5).
Similar to the results in broil-ers, using protease reduced protein fermentation and lim-ited the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine – in this case, E. coli. Reduction in total E. coli can result in fewer health problems such as diarrhea and
the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (see Figure 6).
Reduction in harmful bacteria
In addition to lower num-bers of E. coli, piglets fed diets supplemented with protease enzymes had higher numbers of lactobacilli in the hindgut. These results corresponded with less ammonia nitrogen, less branch chain volatile fatty acids in the digesta and a numerically lower pH value in the gut.
The lower pH might favor the development of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the develop-ment of harmful bacteria. An abnormally high intestinal pH would provide a better environ-ment for E. coli to colonize in the villi, thus resulting in diar-rhea.
The reduction in harm-ful bacteria and the improved biochemical condition of the intestine could possibly enhance the health of the gut ecology as beneficial bacteria would be more likely to thrive.
Diarrhea caused by infectious diseases is a serious problem in weaning animals and usually leads to an increased incidence of mortality.
Research results indicated that supplementation with pro-tease enzymes reduced diar-rhea of piglets as shown by lower fecal scores. This effect might be due to lower fer-mentation of protein, as well as the hydrolysis of soybean glycinin and b-conglycinin, which increased the utilization of nutrients for growth and decreased numbers of E. coli. This can be shown in (see Figure 7).
When a protease was added to the diet, there was no differ-ence in fecal scores between the low- and high-protein diets, when typically fecal scores would be much higher, that is worse, in a high-protein diet.
Figure 6: Protease Effect on the Piglet’s Intestinal Environment
36 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
Decentral
including
Innovations for modern fi sh farming and water treatment
New practical approaches for practical applications at Forum Aquaculture
Answers to your questions at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre
Get-together for the industry
Showcase “Growth in Water”
Dieses Projekt wirdvon der EuropäischenGemeinschaftkofinanziert.
This project is being co-fi nanced by the European Community
The world´s leading trade fair for animal production
11 – 14 November 2014Hanover, Germany
Fish & MoreMarketplace for Aquaculture
www.eurotier.com/aquacultureHotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: [email protected]
RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1 03.07.14 14:45
F
scalping and sieving• Sorting by length, using an
indented cylinder that can pick up either the seed or contaminant, depending on the crop type
• Separation by weight, using a gravity table. The seeds pass over an inclined, oscillating mesh deck with a fan that blows air up through the seedOther cleanup processes
include colour sorting, spiral sepa-ration and washing.
Following cleanup, the seeds are dried to less than seven per-cent moisture content in drying bins, and then delivered to the pelletiser by a V-bin.
Rotary treater produces pellets
The pelletiser mixes seeds with gypsum-based powder and a glue binder (as noted earlier), forming pellets, which are easier to plant than single seeds. The machine can also coat the seed with a film containing colourant, fertiliser, fun-gicide or a pesticide, says Pearson.
Seeds are weighed and then discharged into the rotary treater, while gypsum powder is delivered by the flexible screw conveyors at a rate of 3.5kg/min.
Following the rotary treatment, seeds are dried and graded, then packaged for sale in woven poly-propylene bags, plastic pails, cans and foil packages.
Seeds are sold by seed count per kilogram in packages that range from about 15kg for the bags, down to a few grams in the foil packages.
The company has installed a similar Flexicon system in its New Zealand sales warehouse in Pukekohe.
More inforMation:Flexicon Europe Ltd182 John Wilson Business ParkHarvey DriveWhitstable, Kent CT5 3RB
Tel: +44 1227 374710Email: [email protected]: www.flexicon.co.ukWebsite: www.southpacificseeds.com.au
July - August 2014 | 13GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
Hydronix sensors include:
• Digital technology with precise linear output• Wide moisture measurement range• Suitable for chutes, silos, mixers or conveyors• Choice of measurement modes• Not affected by dust or colour• Different installation options• Temperature stable
Hydro-Mix VII
The Hydro-Probe XT has been specifi cally designed to measure moisture in organic materials, typically being installed in or underneath silos or in the material on a conveyor.
The Hydro-Mix VII is a fl ush mounted sensor that is ideally suited to installation in mixers, augers or the inlet / outlet of grain dryers.
Both sensors offer a choice of digital measurement modes enabling the producer to select the best option for the material being measured.
Hydro-Probe XT
Hydronix digital, microwave moisture sensors are designed and manufactured in the UK and provide accurate and cost effective moisture measurement and control in feed meals and pellets, grain, cereal and pulses.
Hydronix Moisture Sensors
Save You Money
GFMT half page vertical 90 x 270 plus 3mm bleed not left.indd 1 13/01/2014 10:00:18
F
ery pigs was fed a control diet with 19 percent protein with and without protease and the other group a high protein diet (22 percent) with and without protease.
Study results showed a significant improvement in performance when diets were supplemented with protease as measured by a marked improvement in growth and a 14 percent improvement in feed efficiency regardless of a low- or high-protein diet (see Figure 4).
Part of the reason for that might be attributed to the improvement in digestibility.
However, researchers also found that protease was able to break down 90 percent of the allergenic components of the SBM in vitro, the glycinin and b-conglycinin, which may be another reason why the protease-supplemented piglets performed better. Using pro-tease also allows for improved intestinal functions by support-ing a better morphology as evidenced by improved villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio in this study.
Increased crypt depth in both the jejunum and ileum and a higher villus-to-crypt ratio in the ileum were observed in pigs supplemented with pro-tease enzyme after weaning.
The improvement in appar-ent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, and phosphorus in piglets fed diets supplemented with protease enzymes is likely a consequence of this improve-ment in intestinal morphology (see Figure 5).
Similar to the results in broil-ers, using protease reduced protein fermentation and lim-ited the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine – in this case, E. coli. Reduction in total E. coli can result in fewer health problems such as diarrhea and
the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (see Figure 6).
Reduction in harmful bacteria
In addition to lower num-bers of E. coli, piglets fed diets supplemented with protease enzymes had higher numbers of lactobacilli in the hindgut. These results corresponded with less ammonia nitrogen, less branch chain volatile fatty acids in the digesta and a numerically lower pH value in the gut.
The lower pH might favor the development of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the develop-ment of harmful bacteria. An abnormally high intestinal pH would provide a better environ-ment for E. coli to colonize in the villi, thus resulting in diar-rhea.
The reduction in harm-ful bacteria and the improved biochemical condition of the intestine could possibly enhance the health of the gut ecology as beneficial bacteria would be more likely to thrive.
Diarrhea caused by infectious diseases is a serious problem in weaning animals and usually leads to an increased incidence of mortality.
Research results indicated that supplementation with pro-tease enzymes reduced diar-rhea of piglets as shown by lower fecal scores. This effect might be due to lower fer-mentation of protein, as well as the hydrolysis of soybean glycinin and b-conglycinin, which increased the utilization of nutrients for growth and decreased numbers of E. coli. This can be shown in (see Figure 7).
When a protease was added to the diet, there was no differ-ence in fecal scores between the low- and high-protein diets, when typically fecal scores would be much higher, that is worse, in a high-protein diet.
Figure 6: Protease Effect on the Piglet’s Intestinal Environment
36 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
Decentral
including
Innovations for modern fi sh farming and water treatment
New practical approaches for practical applications at Forum Aquaculture
Answers to your questions at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre
Get-together for the industry
Showcase “Growth in Water”
Dieses Projekt wirdvon der EuropäischenGemeinschaftkofinanziert.
This project is being co-fi nanced by the European Community
The world´s leading trade fair for animal production
11 – 14 November 2014Hanover, Germany
Fish & MoreMarketplace for Aquaculture
www.eurotier.com/aquacultureHotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: [email protected]
RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1 03.07.14 14:45
F
Animal feed trials at HGCAby Tom Blacker, from a visit to Cereals UK
The UK’s Home Grown Cereals Authority gave an exclusive presentation to Grain and Feed Milling Technology about its new steps in the world of animal feed. Usually researching and providing essential services in the wheat and cereals areas, animal feed is a new sector it is entering into. GFMT’s Tom Blacker spoke exclusively to Dr Jos Houdijk, Reader in Animal Nutrition and Health at Scotland’s Rural College, about this development.
Processing grain in a feedmill requires a lot of quantity. Companies such as Cargill would tell us to come back with
an amount as large as 500 tonnes to process as a minimum, the man from HGCA told me.
He found a small pilot plant in France, working with quantities between 100 to 300kg.
“We packed up 12 batches of variety spe-cific whole seed grains on a ship to Paris and Bordeaux and they will be processed and sent back to us,” says Dr Jos Houdijk, Reader in Animal Nutrition and Health at Scotland’s Rural College.
“We are now in the process of charac-terising their chemistry and putting them through [feeding] chickens and pigs for the research work.
“In the end, what we are trying to achieve is to say to levy payers that different varieties of rapeseeds may have a different feeding value when it comes to the effect on a pig or chicken.
“It is going to be a long process to improve the varieties and improve the nutri-tional qualities, even from a mix of varieties. Nevertheless, if for arguments sake we sup-pose that the range of varieties are split by half: a good side and a bad side, and if the bad ones can be phased out, quicker than the good ones, then by definition, it should go up in quality: this is what we are trying to achieve,” he added.
HGCA hopes to get the first results out in the open by the end of 2014.
It will not be in time for drilling seeds this year but hopefully for next year’s drill-ing. Growth trials will follow when HGCA understands the effect of grain variety on digestible energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acid levels.
Grower pigs may expect 7.5 percent of their feed to be formed by these varieties and older pigs at 10 to 12 percent.
In poultry, the level will be at about five percent.
This new type of formulation will mean HGCA can go higher in information and
advice on using rapeseed for two reasons: first, the information it does have is 10 to 15 years old, the new information will mean that feed formulations can go higher in the amounts of these varieties used; second, a country like Canada is using much higher levels of rapeseed meals with pigs without any side effects in production.
Therefore, the potential must be there for the UK, HGCA extrapolates.
“In Canada they use more current data than us, in feed formulations based on stand-ardised ileal digestible amino acids and net energy levels. Here, we use that on values from books that do not tell us information about these varieties, which are the differences.”
The effects on the animals should hope-fully be better digestibility of proteins from one variety compared to another. If we know the digestibility of protein and other minor assets in the protein it’s better. We can then recommend using that variety in feed formu-lations. This also means using lower amounts of the other varieties in the feed matrix when comparing varieties with soy, he says.
Benefits will include the feed industry being more actively able to accordingly formulate diets to requirements.
“We can make better use of the differ-ences between varieties. In the past, it was not possible.
“We will have a lot of data at the end of this year that will hopefully be published in papers and on the HGCA website,” he says.
July - August 2014 | 37GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
24/7Protection
Watchdog Wrap advert.(paths).indd 1 27/03/2014 11:38
F
Controlled Experiments Provide Conclusive EvidenceSpray-dried porcine plasma is a safe ingredient - and is not a source of Infective PED VirusResearch Report by the North American Spray Dried Blood and Plasma Producers Association (NASDBPP)
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv) is difficult to control and causes high death loss in suckling pigs less than two
weeks old, resulting in significant financial loss to all sectors of the swine industry.
PEDv spreads quickly and easily. The primary route of infection is through
direct contact with infected pigs or from the manure of infected pigs. Other routes of infection responsible for spreading the virus may be contaminated transport vehicles, farm equipment and farm workers and visitors.
Industry leaders are actively discussing and reviewing data concerning the role of feed and feed ingredients in the spread of
PEDv. Speculation that PEDv is spread by feed has led to implementation of costly bio-security programs, often with little controlled research or data supporting the necessity or effectiveness of the program.
The first report of PEDv in Ontario, Canada, and the subsequent investigation resulted in the belief that nursery feed con-taining porcine plasma may be the source of PEDv infections.
The CFIA reported infective virus was detected in samples of porcine plasma but infective virus could not be detected in the feed containing the porcine plasma.
Even with this conflicting data, many industry professionals concluded spray-dried porcine plasma is spreading the disease. In addition, and despite the long history of indisputable performance benefits, some veterinarians have recommended removing spray-dried porcine plasma and in some cases all porcine-based ingredients from feed for swine.
Epidemiology is a powerful scientific tool that can be used to identify associations of exposure to health outcomes. Epidemiologic observation allows scientists to form a hypothesis and then the hypothesis can be tested in controlled experiments
Testing the hypothesisIndependently, NASDBPP and FDA con-
ducted controlled experiments to test the hypothesis that spray-dried porcine plasma may contain infective PEDv. The results of these experiments support the conclusion that spray-dried porcine plasma is a safe feed ingredient.
The manufacturing process under indus-try standards inactivates PEDv.
However, like any feed ingredient, post-processing contamination is a constant risk and may be the cause of the infective PEDv found on porcine plasma as reported by the CFIA.
Hypothesis: If PCR+ spray-dried porcine plasma contains infective PEDv and is a vec-tor spreading PED:1: Spray drying inactivated PEDv2: Retained plasma samples subjected to
bioassay studies by FDA and NASDBPP were not infective for PEDv
3: Two independent studies using 21-day-old weaned pigs fed five percent PEDv PCR+ plasma in a meal diet for 21 or 28 days post-weaning did not infect pigs with PEDv
4: PEDv inoculated on spray-dried plasma did not survive by:
• 7 days stored at 71°F (22°C) • 14 days stored at 54°F (12°C) • 21 days stored at 39°F (4°C)5: Millions of pigs in Brazil and western
Canada fed PEDv PCR+ porcine plasma imported from the US since last summer have not developed PEDv
ConclusionExperimental results show that PCR+
spray-dried porcine plasma does not contain infective PEDv. Infective PEDv reported by CFIA on samples of spray-dried porcine plasma collected from the field is likely the result of post-processing contamination.
Spray-dried porcine plasma investigated by CFIA did not contain infective PEDv when it left the plant. Post-processing con-tamination may have resulted in the detec-tion of infective PEDv in the samples col-lected by CFIA.
Less ammonia produced
An important change in the intestinal ecology of piglets fed protease enzymes was that less ammonia was produced in the gut compared with pig-lets fed unsupplemented diets.
Excessive ammonia nega-tively affects the growth and differentiation of intestinal epi-thelial cells, leads to a higher pH value, and increases the incidence of diarrhea.
In addition, a reduction in branched chain volatile fatty acid is consistent with pro-tease enzymes supplemen-tation increasing the apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, which would result in less protein being fermented in the gut.
Still, however, the relationship between epithelial barrier function and villous atrophy at weaning and in young animals is not com-pletely understood.
A compromise in epithelial barrier func-tion possibly increases paracellular perme-
ability. With increased paracellular perme-ability, toxins, allergenic compounds or bacteria may enter systemic tissues, resulting in inflammatory or immunologic responses.
Benefits to healthWhile the main reason for including
enzymes in poultry and swine diets has been to reduce ration costs, supplementing the feed with a highly efficient serine-protease
may also optimize health and performance, adding even more value for producers.
Not all the proteases are the same.
To maximise the effect on formulation cost, gut health and dietary anti-nutritional factors, it is important to use a protease with a broad range of activity, which allows diversifying the source of proteins used in the diet.
Moreover, a suitable pro-tease must have a high speed of hydrolysis of indigestible proteins so the flow of protein entering the hindgut is minimized.
On a commercial basis, Novus supports health and performance with CIBENZA® DP100 which gathers these characteristics and improves the protein digestibility in feeds over the typical industry averages by as much as 10 percent. This aggres-sive, heat-stable, broad spectrum protease complements the monogastric’s endogenous enzymes to hydrolyze less digestible protein in animal feeds.
Figure 7: Protease Maintains Fecal Score in High Protein Diets for Pigs
38 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
Controlled Experiments Provide Conclusive EvidenceSpray-dried porcine plasma is a safe ingredient - and is not a source of Infective PED VirusResearch Report by the North American Spray Dried Blood and Plasma Producers Association (NASDBPP)
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv) is difficult to control and causes high death loss in suckling pigs less than two
weeks old, resulting in significant financial loss to all sectors of the swine industry.
PEDv spreads quickly and easily. The primary route of infection is through
direct contact with infected pigs or from the manure of infected pigs. Other routes of infection responsible for spreading the virus may be contaminated transport vehicles, farm equipment and farm workers and visitors.
Industry leaders are actively discussing and reviewing data concerning the role of feed and feed ingredients in the spread of
PEDv. Speculation that PEDv is spread by feed has led to implementation of costly bio-security programs, often with little controlled research or data supporting the necessity or effectiveness of the program.
The first report of PEDv in Ontario, Canada, and the subsequent investigation resulted in the belief that nursery feed con-taining porcine plasma may be the source of PEDv infections.
The CFIA reported infective virus was detected in samples of porcine plasma but infective virus could not be detected in the feed containing the porcine plasma.
Even with this conflicting data, many industry professionals concluded spray-dried porcine plasma is spreading the disease. In addition, and despite the long history of indisputable performance benefits, some veterinarians have recommended removing spray-dried porcine plasma and in some cases all porcine-based ingredients from feed for swine.
Epidemiology is a powerful scientific tool that can be used to identify associations of exposure to health outcomes. Epidemiologic observation allows scientists to form a hypothesis and then the hypothesis can be tested in controlled experiments
Testing the hypothesisIndependently, NASDBPP and FDA con-
ducted controlled experiments to test the hypothesis that spray-dried porcine plasma may contain infective PEDv. The results of these experiments support the conclusion that spray-dried porcine plasma is a safe feed ingredient.
The manufacturing process under indus-try standards inactivates PEDv.
However, like any feed ingredient, post-processing contamination is a constant risk and may be the cause of the infective PEDv found on porcine plasma as reported by the CFIA.
Hypothesis: If PCR+ spray-dried porcine plasma contains infective PEDv and is a vec-tor spreading PED:1: Spray drying inactivated PEDv2: Retained plasma samples subjected to
bioassay studies by FDA and NASDBPP were not infective for PEDv
3: Two independent studies using 21-day-old weaned pigs fed five percent PEDv PCR+ plasma in a meal diet for 21 or 28 days post-weaning did not infect pigs with PEDv
4: PEDv inoculated on spray-dried plasma did not survive by:
• 7 days stored at 71°F (22°C) • 14 days stored at 54°F (12°C) • 21 days stored at 39°F (4°C)5: Millions of pigs in Brazil and western
Canada fed PEDv PCR+ porcine plasma imported from the US since last summer have not developed PEDv
ConclusionExperimental results show that PCR+
spray-dried porcine plasma does not contain infective PEDv. Infective PEDv reported by CFIA on samples of spray-dried porcine plasma collected from the field is likely the result of post-processing contamination.
Spray-dried porcine plasma investigated by CFIA did not contain infective PEDv when it left the plant. Post-processing con-tamination may have resulted in the detec-tion of infective PEDv in the samples col-lected by CFIA.
Less ammonia produced
An important change in the intestinal ecology of piglets fed protease enzymes was that less ammonia was produced in the gut compared with pig-lets fed unsupplemented diets.
Excessive ammonia nega-tively affects the growth and differentiation of intestinal epi-thelial cells, leads to a higher pH value, and increases the incidence of diarrhea.
In addition, a reduction in branched chain volatile fatty acid is consistent with pro-tease enzymes supplemen-tation increasing the apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, which would result in less protein being fermented in the gut.
Still, however, the relationship between epithelial barrier function and villous atrophy at weaning and in young animals is not com-pletely understood.
A compromise in epithelial barrier func-tion possibly increases paracellular perme-
ability. With increased paracellular perme-ability, toxins, allergenic compounds or bacteria may enter systemic tissues, resulting in inflammatory or immunologic responses.
Benefits to healthWhile the main reason for including
enzymes in poultry and swine diets has been to reduce ration costs, supplementing the feed with a highly efficient serine-protease
may also optimize health and performance, adding even more value for producers.
Not all the proteases are the same.
To maximise the effect on formulation cost, gut health and dietary anti-nutritional factors, it is important to use a protease with a broad range of activity, which allows diversifying the source of proteins used in the diet.
Moreover, a suitable pro-tease must have a high speed of hydrolysis of indigestible proteins so the flow of protein entering the hindgut is minimized.
On a commercial basis, Novus supports health and performance with CIBENZA® DP100 which gathers these characteristics and improves the protein digestibility in feeds over the typical industry averages by as much as 10 percent. This aggres-sive, heat-stable, broad spectrum protease complements the monogastric’s endogenous enzymes to hydrolyze less digestible protein in animal feeds.
Figure 7: Protease Maintains Fecal Score in High Protein Diets for Pigs
38 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYF
www.gfmt.co.uk
LINKS• See the full issue• Visit the GFMT website
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July
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2014
first published in 1891
In this issue:
• NIR Multi Online Technology: Real-time analysis for early detection of grain quality fluctuations
• Feed Focus Pigs
• GRAPAS Technology from the GRAPAS Asia award
• Dust control with bulk bag
discharger and flexible screw conveyors
• Mycotoxins How to analyse and reduce the hazard to humans and animals
• Storage and silos special
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