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Ferdous Mokami-----------------04814989Mamunur Rashid----------------04814995Tariqul Islam----------------------04815124 Faisal Islam------------------------04814963

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Elements of Process In Manufacturing Organizations

Different sectors of manufacturing organization

Tobacco Manufacturing Process

Cement Manufacturing Process

Elements of Garments Manufacturing process Chemical Manufacturing

Tobacco Manufacturing Organization

The tobacco processing stage occurs1. Primary Tobacco Processing 2. Expanded Tobacco Process

Primary Tobacco Processing

Various types of tobaccos are sent through conditioning cylinders, in which steam is added to loosen and moisten the tobacco.

The conditioned tobacco is sent to storage silos, where some blending occurs.

Various blends of tobacco are flavored in cylinders, dried, and re-moisturized.

The final tobacco blend is cut, dried, and re-moisturized.

The cut tobacco is sent to flavoring cylinders for final flavoring.

Expanded tobacco, a low density tobacco, is added to the final tobacco blend during the final processing steps.

The processed tobacco is sent to storage silos and then to the cigarette manufacturing process.

Expanded Tobacco Process

Depicts the following steps generally involved in the expanded tobacco process:  Various types of tobacco (domestic, off-shore, and/or reconstituted), that have been moistened, cut, and flavored, are flooded with carbon dioxide.

The process conditions cause the car bon dioxide to solidify within the tobacco.

The frozen tobacco is heated rapidly, causing the carbon dioxide to vaporize. As the carbon dioxide vaporizes, the tobacco cells expand, creating a low density tobacco.

Tobacco Manufacturing Organization

The raw materials needed to produce cement (calcium carbonate, silica, alumina, and iron ore) are generally extracted from limestone rock, chalk, shale, or clay. These raw materials are won from the quarry by either extraction or blasting.

Cement Manufacturing Process

These naturally occurring minerals are then crushed through a milling process. These minerals can be obtained from the waste or by-products of other industries, such as paper ash. Milling produces a fine powder, known as raw meal, which is preheated and then sent to the kiln for further processing.

The kiln is at the heart of the manufacturing process. Once inside the kiln, the raw meal is heated to around 1,500 degrees C

The kiln itself is angled by 3 degrees to the horizontal to allow the material to pass through it, over a period of 20 to 30 minutes.

Upon exiting the kiln, the clinker is cooled and stored, ready for grinding, to produce cement.A small amount of gypsum (3 percent to 5 percent) is added to the clinker to regulate how the cement will set. The mixture is then very finely ground to obtain "pure cement”.

Finally, the cement is stored in silos before being shipped in bulk or in bags to the sites where it will be used.

Elements of Garments Manufacturing Process

Design/Sketch: It is given by buyers to manufacturers  containing sketches including measurements of particular  styles

Basic Block: Basic block is an individual component of garments without any style of design (without Allowance, Style, Design)

Working Pattern: When a pattern is made for a particular style with net dimension regarding the basic block along with allowance then it is called working pattern

Sample Garments: To make a sample, this will be approved by buyer. After making a sample, it is sent to buyer for approval to rectify the faults

Approved Sample: After rectify the faults, sample is again sent to buyers. If it is ok then , then it is called approved sample Costing:

Fabric CostingMaking ChargedProfit

Production Pattern: Making allowance with net dimension for bulk production

Grading: If the buyer requires different sizes, so should be grade as S, M, L, XL, XXL Marker Making: Marker is a thin paper which contains all the components for different sizes for a particular style of garments

Fabric Spreading: To spread the fabrics on table properly for cutting

Cutting: To cut fabric according to marker dimension

Sorting & Bundling: Sort out the fabric according to size and for each size make in individual bundles

Sewing: To assemble a full garments

Ironing & Finishing: After sewing we will get a complete garment which is treated with steam ironing & also several finishing processes are done for example extra loose thread cutting

Inspection: Should be approved as initial sample

Packing: Treated by Polyethylene bag

Cartooning: After packing, it should be placed In cartooning for export

Dispatching: Ready for export

Elements of Garments Manufacturing Process

Step 1:Obtain chemical information, including CAS RNs, synonyms, melting points, and boiling points from the Chemical Properties module.Step 2:Determine the primary industrial mode of synthesis for each chemical in the use cluster.

Step 3:Develop a chemical manufacturing process flow diagram for the primary mode of synthesis. The diagram should identify the major unit operations and equipment, as well as all input and output streams (see Methodology Details for an example chemical manufacturing process description).  Step 4:Identify any chemical intermediates, catalysts, feed stocks, and chemical products or by-products involved in the synthesis that have the potential for release.

Chemical Manufacturing

 http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/02/process-flow-chart-of-garments.html#ixzz35LHAopyk

http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/tools/ctsa/ch5/mod5-2.pdf

http://www.lafarge-na.com/wps/portal/na/en/2_2_1-Manufacturing_process

 

Reference

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