Faculty of Computing,Engineering & Technology

Development of RadioNetworks

Personal Broadband Networks, PBN (CE74024-3)

Alison L GriffithsC203

A.L.Griffiths@staffs.ac.ukwww.soc.staffs.ac.uk/alg1

2004

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Objectives

IntroductionPublic Mobile Radio Telephone ServicesCellular Mobile RadioDevelopment of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)DCS 1800Development of IMT-2000Development of 4GFrequency Allocations

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Introduction

Public mobile radio services developed during the 1950’s

With a limited coverage area With a service available to a limited number of subscribers.

The rapid development of radio and electronic technology made possible the development of cellular systems during the 1980’s. During the 1990’s, digital cellular radio was introducedDuring the 2000’s truly multimedia tether less communications will be introducedThis section provides a review of these developments

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Development

Evolution of Personal Communication System’s

Analogue Digital Multimedia1980’s 1990’s 2000 +

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Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones satellites wireless LANcordlessphones

1992:GSM

1994:DCS 1800

2001:IMT-2000

1987:CT1+

1982:Inmarsat-A

1992:Inmarsat-BInmarsat-M

1998:Iridium

1989:CT 2

1991:DECT 199x:

proprietary

1997:IEEE 802.11

1999:802.11b, Bluetooth

1988:Inmarsat-C

analogue

digital

1991:D-AMPS

1991:CDMA

1981:NMT 450

1986:NMT 900

1980:CT0

1984:CT1

1983:AMPS

1993:PDC

4G – fourth generation: when and how?

2000:GPRS

2000:IEEE 802.11a

200?:Fourth Generation(Internet based)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

FinlandSwedenNorway

DenmarkItaly

LuxemburgPortugal

AustriaIreland

SwitzerlandGreat BritainNetherlands

FranceBelgium

SpainGreece

Germany

2002: 50-70% penetration in Western Europe

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Worldwide cellular subscriber growth

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Subs

crib

ers

[mill

ion]

Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Cellular subscribers per region (June 2002)

Asia Pacific; 36,9

Europe; 36,4

Americas (incl. USA/Canada);

22

Africa; 3,1

Middle East; 1,6

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Mobile statistics snapshot (Sept 2002:2004) (1)

Total Global Mobile Users 869mill: 1.52 billionTotal Analogue Users 71m:34mTotal US Mobile users 145m: 140mTotal Global GSM users 680m: 1.25 billionTotal Global CDMA Users 127m: 202mTotal TDMA users 84m: 120mTotal European users 283m: 342.43mTotal African users 18.5m: 53mTotal 3G users 130m: 130mTotal South African users 13.2m:19m

http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/stats-main.htm

The figures vary a lot depending on the statistic, creator of the statistic etc.!

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Mobile statistics snapshot (Sept 2002:2004) (2)

#1 Mobile Country China (139m): (300m)#1 GSM Country China (99m): (282m)#1 SMS Country Philipines#1 Handset Vendor 2Q02/04 Nokia (37.2%) (35.5%)#1 Network In Africa Vodacom (6.6m): (11m)#1 Network In Asia Unicom (153m)#1 Network In Japan DoCoMo#1 Network In Europe T-Mobil (22.3m) : (28m)#1 In Infrastructure Ericsson: EricssonGlobal monthly SMSs/user 36: 36/userSMS Sent Globally 1Q02 60 billion: 135 billionSMS sent in UK 6/02 1.3 billion: 03/04 2.1 billion

http://www.cellular.co.za/stats/stats-main.htm

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Simple reference model used here

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Data Link

Physical

Network Network

MediumRadio

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

service locationnew applications, multimediaadaptive applicationscongestion and flow controlquality of serviceaddressing, routing, device locationhand-overauthenticationmedia accessmultiplexingmedia access controlencryptionmodulationinterferenceattenuationfrequency

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Overlay Networks - the global goal

regional

metropolitan area

campus-based

in-house

verticalhandover

horizontalhandover

integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Development of mobile telecoms systems

1G 2G 3G2.5G

IS-95cdmaOne

IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC

GPRS

IMT-DSUTRA FDD / W-CDMA

EDGE

IMT-TCUTRA TDD / TD-CDMA

cdma2000 1X

1X EV-DV(3X)

AMPSNMT

IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136

IMT-TCTD-SCDMA

CT0/1

CT2IMT-FTDECT

CD

MA

TDM

AFD

MA

IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

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Public Mobile Radio Telephone Services

South Lancashire Radio Phone Services.Pilot scheme 1959, two base stations – VHF, FM on 50 KHz channel spacing - manual operation.

London Radio Phone Service.1965 – as above – area coverage extended to other part of UK.

Radio Phone System 4London – 1981 – Automatic service, VHF, FM, 12.5 KHz channel spacing - replaced previous manual schemes

The number of subscribers these systems can support was limited by the number of radio channels.More channels & better system to re-use frequencies was required to extend availabilityWorld administrative radio conference (WARC) in 1979 allocated aband around 900 MHz, with 1000, 25 KHz channelsIn the UK, a part of this spectrum was made available, with partreserved for the (then) future GSM digital cellular system.

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AMPS Control Channels

21 full-duplex 30-kHz control channelsTransmit digital data using FSKData are transmitted in frames

Control information can be transmitted over voice channel during conversation

Mobile unit or the base station inserts burst of data Turn off voice FM transmission for about 100 msReplacing it with an FSK-encoded message

Used to exchange urgent messagesChange power levelHandoff

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Cellular Mobile Radio (1)

Fundamental concepts & ideas first proposed by bell telephone labs (1950’s).1980-Trial cellular radio systems in USA, Japan, Sweden.UK- Decision to license two competing ‘cellular radio companies’

Allocate half the available channels to each1) British Telecom & Securicor

Telecom Securicor Cellular Radio LtdTSCR – Trading as Cellnet

2) RACAL VodaphoneSystems operational during 1895

‘Standard’TSCR & Racal agreed to adopt a modified version of USA standard {Known as Amps – Advanced mobile phone service}

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Cellular Mobile Radio (2)

UK systemTACS – Total Access Communications SystemFrequency bands initially allocated to TACS:

890 - 915 MHz for the Mobile - Base Station (uplink)935 - 960 MHz for the Base Station - Mobile (downlink)

Channel spacing in the TACS system was 25 kHzCorresponds to 1000 channels in each bandFull duplex operation, i.e. a two-way conversation, requires one uplink channel and one downlink channel. Corresponding up and downlink channels are separated by 45MHz.

Of the 1000 channels, 600 were made available, 300 to each operatorThe remaining allocation was reserved for GSM

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Cellular Mobile Radio (3)

With the success TACS, & to meet high demand a further allocation of 320 channels was made, the ‘new’ system being known as Extended TACS or E-TACS.

To achieve this allocation, the bandwidth was extended downwards to 872 MHz for the uplink and down to 917 MHZ for the downlink.

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Large Capacity Cellular Systems c 1980’sJapan USA UK Scandinavia

System NTT AMPS TACS NMT

Tx freq (MHz)Base StationMobile Station

870-885925-940

870-890825-845

935-960890-915

463-467.5453-457.5

Channel spacing (kHz) 25 30 25 25

No of channels 600 666 1000 180

Coverage radius (km)

5 urban10 rural

620

220

1.840

Modulation (speech)Deviation

FM+ 5 kHz

FM+ 12 kHz

fm+ 9.5 kHz

fm+ 5 kHz

Control signal TypeDeviation

FSK+ 4.5 kHz

FSK+ 8 kHz

FSK+ 6.4 kHz

FSK+ 3.5 kHz

Data Rate kbps 0.3 10 8 1.2

MeasageProtection

‘Echo’ Backto sender

MajorityDecision

MajorityDecision

??

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Development of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (1)

Cellular systems began in the early 1980’s American Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in the USATotal Access Communication System (TACS) in the UK.

In 1982, the Conference of European Posts & Telecommunications (CEPT) established a committee known as the Groupe SpecialeMobile (GSM)

Their task was to define a set of specifications for a European wide cellular system.

In 1988, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) was created and took over the task of developing the work started by ‘GSM’.

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Development of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) (2)

In 1990 the development of the specifications were ‘frozen’

known as the ‘interim ETSI Technical Specifications’to enable network operators & manufacturers to develop the an ‘actual’ system which was launched in 1992.

In the early 1990’s, the committee was renamed the Speciale Mobile Group and ‘GSM’ was renamed the Global System for Mobile Communications

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DCS 1800

A development of GSM was specified in 1991, known as DCS 1800. This operates around the 1800 MHz band and was launched in 1993 in the UK. DCS 1800 is similar to GSM.

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Second Generation CDMA

Higher quality signalsHigher data ratesSupport of digital servicesGreater capacityDigital traffic channels

Support digital dataVoice traffic digitizedUser traffic (data or digitized voice) converted to analog signal for transmission

EncryptionSimple to encrypt digital traffic

Error detection and correction(See chapter 6)Very clear voice reception

Channel accessChannel dynamically shared by users via Time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA)

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Code Division Multiple Access

Each cell allocated frequency bandwidthSplit in two

Half for reverse, half for forwardDirect-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

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Code Division Multiple Access Advantages

Frequency diversityFrequency-dependent transmission impairments (noise bursts, selective fading) have less effect

Multipath resistanceDSSS overcomes multipath fading by frequency diversityAlso, chipping codes used only exhibit low cross correlation and low autocorrelationVersion of signal delayed more than one chip interval does not interfere with the dominant signal as much

PrivacyFrom spread spectrum

Graceful degradationWith FDMA or TDMA, fixed number of users can access system simultaneouslyWith CDMA, as more users access the system simultaneously, noiselevel and hence error rate increasesGradually system degrades

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Code Division Multiple Access

Self-jammingUnless all mobile users are perfectly synchronized, arriving transmissions from multiple users will not be perfectly aligned on chip boundariesSpreading sequences of different users not orthogonalSome cross correlationDistinct from either TDMA or FDMA

In which, for reasonable time or frequency guardbands, respectively, received signals are orthogonal or nearly so

Near-far problemSignals closer to receiver are received with less attenuation than signals farther awayGiven lack of complete orthogonality, transmissions from more remote mobile units may be more difficult to recover

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RAKE Receiver

If multiple versions of signal arrive more than one chip interval apart, receiver can recover signal by correlating chip sequence with dominant incoming signal

Remaining signals treated as noiseBetter performance if receiver attempts to recover signals from multiple paths and combine them, with suitable delaysOriginal binary signal is spread by XOR operation with chipping codeSpread sequence modulated for transmission over wireless channelMultipath effects generate multiple copies of signal

Each with a different amount of time delay (τ1, τ2, etc.)Each with a different attenuation factors (a1, a2, etc.)Receiver demodulates combined signalDemodulated chip stream fed into multiple correlators, each delayed by different amountSignals combined using weighting factors estimated from the channel

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

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Standardisation Bodies

ITU

Internet Engineering Task Force, Request for Comments

http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/

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Third Generation Systems

Objective to provide fairly high-speed wireless communications to support multimedia, data, and video in addition to voiceITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000 (IMT-2000) initiative defined ITU’s view of third-generation capabilities as:

Voice quality comparable to PSTN144 kbps available to users in vehicles over large areas384 kbps available to pedestrians over small areasSupport for 2.048 Mbps for office useSymmetrical and asymmetrical data ratesSupport for packet-switched and circuit-switched servicesAdaptive interface to InternetMore efficient use of available spectrumSupport for variety of mobile equipmentFlexibility to allow introduction of new services and technologies

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Driving Forces

Trend toward universal personal telecommunications Ability of person to identify himself and use any communication system in globally, in terms of single account

Universal communications accessUsing one’s terminal in a wide variety of environments to connect to information servicese.g. portable terminal that will work in office, street, and planes equally well

GSM cellular telephony with subscriber identity module, is step towards goalsPersonal communications services (PCSs) and personal communication networks (PCNs) also form objectives for third-generation wirelessTechnology is digital using time division multiple access or code-division multiple accessPCS handsets low power, small and light

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Alternative Interfaces (1)

IMT-2000 specification covers set of radio interfaces for optimized performance in different radio environmentsFive alternatives to enable smooth evolution from existing systemsAlternatives reflect evolution from second generationTwo specifications grow out of work at European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

Develop a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) as Europe's 3G wireless standardIncludes two standards

Wideband CDMA, or W-CDMA– Fully exploits CDMA technology– Provides high data rates with efficient use of bandwidth

IMT-TC, or TD-CDMA– Combination of W-CDMA and TDMA technology– Intended to provide upgrade path for TDMA-based GSM systems

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Alternative Interfaces (2)

CDMA2000North American originSimilar to, but incompatible with, W-CDMA

In part because standards use different chip ratesAlso, cdma2000 uses multicarrier, not used with W-CDMA

IMT-SC designed for TDMA-only networksIMT-FC can be used by both TDMA and FDMA carriers

To provide some 3G servicesOutgrowth of Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard

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IMT-2000 family

IMT-DS(Direct Spread)

UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)

3GPP

IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD(TD-CDMA);TD-SCDMA

3GPP

IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)

cdma2000

3GPP2

IMT-SC(Single Carrier)

UWC-136(EDGE)

UWCC/3GPP

IMT-FT(Freq. Time)

DECT

ETSI

GSM(MAP)

ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network

IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T

IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R

Interface for Internetworking

Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access

Initial UMTS(R99 w/ FDD)

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DECT

DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephonesstandard describes air interface between base-station and mobile phoneDECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons into „Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication“Characteristics

frequency: 1880-1990 MHzchannels: 120 full duplexduplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame lengthmultplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies, TDMA with 2x 12 slotsmodulation: digital, Gaußian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW)range: approx. 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space

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TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked Radio

Trunked radio systemsmany different radio carriersassign single carrier for a short period to one user/group of userstaxi service, fleet management, rescue teamsinterfaces to public networks, voice and data servicesvery reliable, fast call setup, local operation

TETRA - ETSI standardformerly: Trans European Trunked Radiooffers Voice+Data and Packet Data Optimized servicepoint-to-point and point-to-multipointad-hoc and infrastructure networksseveral frequencies: 380-400 MHz, 410-430 MHzFDD, DQPSKgroup call, broadcast, sub-second group-call setup

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UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMAUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI

UMTSUTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)enhancements of GSM

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/sCAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)VHE (virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSIrequirements

min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)up to 2 Mbit/s urban

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CDMA Design Considerations – Bandwidth & Chip Rate

Dominant technology for 3G systems is CDMAThree different CDMA schemes have been adoptedShare some common design issues

BandwidthLimit channel usage to 5 MHzHigher bandwidth improves the receiver's ability to resolve multipathBut available spectrum is limited by competing needs5 MHz reasonable upper limit on what can be allocated for 3G5 MHz is enoughfordata rates of 144 and 384 kHz

Chip rateGiven bandwidth, chip rate depends on desired data rate, need for error control, and bandwidth limitationsChip rate of 3 Mcps or more reasonable

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CDMA Design Considerations – Multirate

Provision of multiple fixed-data-rate logical channels to a given userDifferent data rates provided on different logical channelsTraffic on each logical channel can be switched independently through wireless fixed networks to different destinationsFlexibly support multiple simultaneous applications from userEfficiently use available capacity by only providing the capacity required for each serviceAchieved with TDMA scheme within single CDMA channel

Different number of slots per frame assigned for different data ratesSubchannels at a given data rate protected by error correction and interleaving techniques

Alternative: use multiple CDMA codesSeparate coding and interleavingMap them to separate CDMA channels

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Access Transmission Speeds

Basic second generation (GSM, IS-95, IS-136, PDC)

Evolved second generation (GSM HSCSD and GPRS, IS-95B)10 kbps

144 kbps

2Mbps

384 kbps

GSM EDGE

IMT-2000

Fixed/Low Mobility Wide Area/High Mobility

User Bit Rate

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Development of 4G - Future

VoicePacket

Switched

M3 Circuit Switched

Fixed Network:

ATM, IPv4/6, Diff Serv, MPLS

PSTN, ISDN xDSL

Wireless Personal Area Net (WPAN)

MobileAccess Network

(UTRAN)

Hierarchical Cell StructureM3

SatelliteAccess

Network

Bluetooth, WI-FI, WLAN, Cellular, SatelliteAd-Hoc

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TACS, E-TACS & GSM Frequency Allocations

Corresponding uplink& downlink frequenciesseparated by 45 MHz.

Dow

nlin

kU

plin

k

960MHz

950

935

917915

905

890

872

TACS

E-TACS

GSME-GSM

TACS

E-TACS

GSM

E-GSM

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DCS 1800 Frequency Allocations

Dow

nlin

k

1880MHz

1805

Upl

ink

1785

1710

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Frequencies for IMT-2000

IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

MSS↑

ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS

↓

Europe

China

Japan

NorthAmerica

UTRAFDD ↑

UTRAFDD ↓

TDD

TDD

MSS↑

MSS↓

DECT

GSM1800

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

IMT-2000 MSS↑

IMT-2000 MSS↓

GSM1800

cdma2000W-CDMA

MSS↓

MSS↓

MSS↑

MSS↑

cdma2000W-CDMAPHS

PCS rsv.

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Current Frequencies & regulations

ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency bands worldwide (WRC, World Radio Conferences)

Europe USA Japan

Cellular Phones

GSM 450-457, 479-486/460-467,489-496, 890-915/935-960, 1710-1785/1805-1880 UMTS (FDD) 1920-1980, 2110-2190 UMTS (TDD) 1900-1920, 2020-2025

AMPS , TDMA, CDMA 824-849, 869-894 TDMA, CDMA, GSM 1850-1910, 1930-1990

PDC 810-826, 940-956, 1429-1465, 1477-1513

Cordless Phones

CT1+ 885-887, 930-932 CT2 864-868 DECT 1880-1900

PACS 1850-1910, 1930-1990 PACS-UB 1910-1930

PHS 1895-1918 JCT 254-380

Wireless LANs

IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 HIPERLAN 2 5150-5350, 5470-5725

902-928 IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 5150-5350, 5725-5825

IEEE 802.11 2471-2497 5150-5250

Others RF-Control 27, 128, 418, 433, 868

RF-Control 315, 915

RF-Control 426, 868

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Systems Comparison

System No. of Channels Channel Spacing Access

TACS 600 25 kHz FDMA

E-TACS 1320 25 kHz FDMA

GSM 900

50(Equivalent to 400 with

TDMA)200 kHz FDMA &

TDMA

E-GSM125

(Equivalent to 1000 with TDMA)

200 kHz FDMA & TDMA

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History of GSM http://www.gsmworld.com/about/history/index.shtmlHistory of ITU: http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/overview/history.htmlHistory of IMT-200

http://magazine.fujitsu.com/us/vol38-2/paper15.pdfHistory of 3G:

UMTS: http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htmWCDMA3G http://www.3gaustralia.com/history.html

History of 4GDoCoMo tests 4G network - Mobile-Review.com Forums4G MOBILE PHONE STANDARDIZATION PLANFourth generation (4G) wireless communicationsExpect 4G telephony in 2012

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Wireless Internet Institute http://www.wirelessinstitute.com/standards.htmlIEEE is currently working on three standards:Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.htmlWireless Personal Area Network (WPAN): BLUETOOTH http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/index.htmlBroadband Wireless Access (BWA) http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/index.htmlWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C) http://www.w3.orgWireless Application Protocol (WAP) Forum http://www.wapforum.orgMultiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Forum http://www.mplsforum.org/index.html and http://www.mplsrc.com/ for informationThe IETFs request for comments (RFCs) can be accessed from the http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ web site, in which the RFC number can be entered or a word can be searched for within the text. A complete and frequently updated list of RFCs is available at http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc-index.html.