Upload
tu-delft-opencourseware
View
565
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
February 1, 2012
1
Chapter 13: Construction methods for granular material
ct5308 Breakwaters and Closure Dams
H.J. Verhagen
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Section Hydraulic Engineering
February 1, 2012 2
Elements to consider
• Bed fixation or bed protection mattresses, etc.
• Shore connected and intermediate dam sections sand fill/quarry; execution
• Abutments sheetpile, caisson
• Breakwater core; dumped sills
• Cover layer, armour
February 1, 2012 3
Scour prevention
• Change of flow in course of time
• Flow distribution over the vertical
• Flow is not saturated with sediment
• Turbulence intensity increases
February 1, 2012 4
development of a scour hole
February 1, 2012 5
length
February 1, 2012 6
balance of material
February 1, 2012 7
effective scour time
February 1, 2012 8
development of a scour hole
February 1, 2012 9
mattresses or granular filters
•limited construction height
•applicable on steep slopes
•difficult to remove
•presence of structural joints
•vulnerable to mechanical damage
•restricted lifetime
•self healing after minor damage
•absence of structural joints
•simple to remove by dredging
•no sudden change at the end; they can fade out gradually
•absence of structural coherence
•disintegration on steep slopes
•considerable construction height
February 1, 2012 10
stability downstream of a sill
increase load withu
flow uniform u = K
c
cv
February 1, 2012 11
Shields with corrections
2 2
2
1: 1
0.4
v c
s c
vt
K ud
K C
KIn Cress K
Rectangular Abutments: Kv = 1.7 => Kt= 2.75
February 1, 2012 12
example bed protection
• Bs = 2.5 * 20 = 50 km2
• depth = 10 m
• B = 500 m
• tidal difference = 3 m
February 1, 2012 13
Bed protection in case of horizontal closure width u0 (max) D (cm) W(kg)
500 2,13 5 0 80/200
450 2,35 6 0 80/200
400 2,60 8 1 80/200
350 2,90 11 2 80/200
300 3,26 17 7 80/200
250 3,68 23 20 10/60
200 4,16 35 65 60/300
150 4,63 50 192 60/300
100 5,13 71 653 300/1000
50 5,47 90 1161 1/3
25 5,68 105 1794 1/3
10 6,27 158 6166 special
February 1, 2012 14
Mixing layers (from ct4310)
5°
10°
February 1, 2012 15
Jet equations (from ct4310) 2
2
0.693
0
0.693
0
3.50.1
6.30.1
z
b
m m
R
b
m m
uPlane jets : u = b = x u = u e
x B
uCircular jets : u = b = x u = u e
x D
x = distance from sill B = width of gap
February 1, 2012 16
Bed protection in case of vertical closure
depth U0 u2 3*U2 D (cm) W(kg)
10 2.13 2.13 2.13 5 0 80/200
9 2.36 2.15 2.36 6 0 80/200
8 2.64 2.18 2.64 8 1 80/200
7 2.97 2.20 2.97 14 4 80/200
6 3.38 2.20 3.38 21 14 10/60
5 3.86 2.18 3.86 27 32 10/60
4 4.33 2.07 4.33 39 97 60/300
3 4.63 1.81 4.63 50 192 60/300
2 4.64 1.41 4.24 37 79 60/300
1 3.42 0.74 2.23 5 0
0 3.13 0.41 1.22 1 0
Conclusion: everywhere 60/300 is needed
February 1, 2012 17
providing quarry material
• by road
• by rail
• by water
• a combination
February 1, 2012 18
subsequent working fronts
February 1, 2012 19
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (1)
Unsustainable material in the location of the
breakwater is removed by sea going cutter suction
dredge
February 1, 2012 20
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (2)
Split-hopper replaces material with sea sand and sea
gravel
February 1, 2012 21
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (3)
Willow mattresses are sunk with two sink pontoons
and specialised stone barges
February 1, 2012 22
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (4)
Lateral berms are constructed with quarried stones of
3-6 tons with specialised stone barges
February 1, 2012 23
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (5)
The dam core is built with quarry stone using heavy
duty earth moving equipment
February 1, 2012 24
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (6)
The stones are faces with a layer of 1-3 tons stones
plus filter construction with Poclain 600
February 1, 2012 25
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (7)
The seaward side is protected by 25-30 ton concrete
blocks with an American Hoist 11-310
February 1, 2012 26
Construction phases of the Zeebrugge Breakwater (8)
Finishing: crown block, service road, lighting
February 1, 2012 27
a breakwater under construction
February 1, 2012 28
trucks waiting on the breakwater
February 1, 2012 29
use of cheap local equipment
February 1, 2012 30
build up of profiles
line dump
horizontal layers
February 1, 2012 31
use of waterborne and land based equipment
February 1, 2012 32
land based equipment
February 1, 2012 33
tipper truck vs. dump truck
February 1, 2012 34
space requirements for heavy equipment
February 1, 2012 35
lifting capacity of a crane
February 1, 2012 36
grab types
February 1, 2012 37
Waterborne equipment
•Bulk
• Pipeline
• Floating
• flat deck barges
• bottom door barges
• split barges
• tilt barges
• side unloading vessels
• Individual placement
February 1, 2012 38
closure by pumping sand
February 1, 2012 39
barges for dumping material
February 1, 2012 40
example of combined transport and crane vessel
February 1, 2012 41
motion of a driven wheel
February 1, 2012 42
temporary road on soft subsoil
February 1, 2012 43
final closure with sand only
February 1, 2012 44
closure with a cable car
February 1, 2012 45
varying construction sequence