Comparison of E-book vs Paper-book 20120930

Comparison of Paper-‐book and E-‐book by the scale of carbon footprint

Dr. SHIMIZU, HirokazuPresident, SHIMIZU PRINTING INC.

Visiting Senior Researcher, Waseda University Environmental Research InstituteExpert, ISO130 (Graphic technology) WG11 (Environmental impact on printed matters)

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Today’s presentation1.Motivation of the study2.System boundary of the study3.Carbon calculation of Paper-‐book (P-‐book)4.Carbon calculation of E-‐book5.Sensitivity analysis6.Conclusion and discussion7.Expected role for ISO130 WG11

Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

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1.Motivation of the study

3-‐reason to start discussion about E-‐book1. To find real environmental impact

•Review suspicious look at commonly-‐accepted idea that E-‐book has less load compared to P-‐book

2.To defend ourselves from one-‐sided claim •E-‐organization prepares E-‐book quantification method

which might have negative influence on our industry3.To show presence of printing industry

•Many LCA experts in E-‐industry are skilled at calculating environmental impact, so we should counteract


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2.System boundary of the studyWorkflow of E-‐book and P-‐book


Raw material Acquisition

Data creation Printing Book

binding

Deliver to warehouse and

storesNA

Incineration (22%) and

recycle (78%)

Raw material Acquisition

Data creation

Data management(E-book preparation)

Server operation Elec. use

for down-loading

andreading

E-book device is partly recycled

and wasted

Material input, production and distribution for E-book

Raw material acquisition

Production Distribution Use Disposal & Recycle

P-bo

okE-

book

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3.Carbon calculation of P-book

Specification of P-‐book1.Size: B5 (127.0mm*188.0mm*14.0mm)2.Pages: 4P+224P3. Copy: 5000 copies, 3000 sold in

6-‐month and the rest returned to publisher’s warehouse

4.Substrate: Coated paper for jacket, Coated cardboard for cover, Fine paper for text

5. Books at home are incinerated (22%) and recycled (78%) at the end


127.0mm18

8.0m

m

14.0mm

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3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

CO2e from “Raw material acquisition”

Ink: 63.396kg-CO2eSubstrate: 1691.181kg-CO2e

Dampening: 3.597kg-CO2e

Plate: 101.577kg-CO2e Glue: 10.697kg-CO2e

Polypropylene: 18.741kg-CO2e


3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)CO2e from “Data creation”

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Transportation: 6.556kg-CO2e

Meeting: 3.928kg-CO2eWriting: 53.456kg-CO2e

Designing: 14.514kg-CO2eImage editing: 2.419kg-CO2e

Proofreading: 9.392kg-CO2e

Scenario created by TASHIRO, Masashi


3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)CO2e from “printing & book-‐binding”

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Press(jacket): 48.313kg-CO2e CtP: 9.728kg-CO2ePress(cover): 45.439kg-CO2ePress(text): 242.343kg-CO2e

Guillotine: 18.865-CO2eFolding: 59.291kg-CO2ePerfect-binding: 111.166kg-CO2e

PP lamination: 16.214kg-CO2e

Waseda University Environmental Research Institute3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)CO2e from “Distribution”

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Delivery: 243.599kg-CO2e Wrapping paper: 5.814kg-CO2e

Printing Factory

Publisher’s Warehouse

Agent-A

Agent-B

Agent-C

Agent-D

Agent-E

Tokyo(50stores) Saitama(10stores) Chiba(10stores)

Utsunomiya(10stores) Fukushima(10stores) Sendai(10stores)

Tokyo(30stores) Saitama(15stores) Chiba(15stores)

Nagoya(20stores) Osaka(15stores) Hakata(15stores)

Tokyo(15stores) Osaka(10stores)

Tokyo(5stores) Nagoya(5stores)

Agent-F ALL(1wholesale)

Logistics of P-books (from printing factory to book stores)

67.3km

36.3

km26

.2km

21.5km

18.8km24.0km37.4km

20-book are delivered to each store, 100-book for a wholesale

Waseda University Environmental Research Institute3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)CO2e from “Disposal & Recycle”

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Transportation (garbage): 18.354kg-CO2e Incineration: 7.079kg-CO2e

5000-book3000-book sold

2000-book returned

660-book incinerated

2340-book recycled

2000-book recycled100%, 1199.592kg

60%, 719.755kg

40%, 479.837kg

13.2%(22%), 158.346kg

46.8%(78%), 561.409kg

40%, 479.837kg

Transportation (paper recycle): 29.248kg-CO2eTransportation (Al recycle): 0.880kg-CO2e

Transportation (paper recycle): 61.179kg-CO2e

Breakdown of 5000-book (sold/returned, incinerated/recycled)

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3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

CO2e summary (2896.964kg-‐CO2e, 579g-‐CO2e/copy)

P-book (5000)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Material Data creation Printing/bindingDistribution Disp&Rec

kg-CO2e

65.2% 19.0%3.1% 8.6% 4.0%


4.Carbon calculation of E-book

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Specification of E-‐book1.Size: Device dependable2.Data size: 1MB3. Copy: 3000 downloads in 6-‐month 4.Substrate: Digital5. CO2e from Raw material acquisition

to Disposal/Recycle is considered by the case of i-‐Pad use

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4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)

CO2e from “Data creation”1. “Data creation” process is the same as P-‐book2. 90.264kg-‐CO2e ÷ 3000 DLs = 0.030kg-‐CO2e/copy

CO2e from “Data management”1. Data preparation for e-‐book2. (0.110kW+0.320kw+0.500kW)×2h×0.479kg-‐CO2e/

kWh ÷ 3000 DLs = 0.000297kg-‐CO2e/copy


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4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)

CO2e from “Server operation”1. “ICT hosting service” by Nihon Unisys which is

registered as CFP service is utilized2. Server : Intel Xeon 2GHz Single Core+Memory 1GB3. Storage: 50GB4. 3420kg-‐CO2e/yr. ÷ (6-‐month/12-‐month) ×

(1,048,576/53,687,091,200) ÷ 3000DLs= 0.0000111kg-‐CO2e/copy


1MB=1,048,576 bytes1GB=1,073,741,824 bytes

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4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

CO2e from “E-‐book device”1. “iPad2 (WiFi & 4GB model)” is utilized2. 180kg-‐CO2e ÷ 3-‐year ÷ 730h/yr.× 3-‐hour (to finish

reading)= 0.247kg-‐CO2e/copy

Item CO2e (kg-CO2e)

Manufacturing 120.6

Use 45.0

Transportation 10.8

Recycle 3.6

Recycle2%

Transportation6%

Use25%

Manufacutring67%

Reference: iPad Environmental Report, Apple

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4.Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

CO2e summary (277g-‐CO2e/copy)

E-book (3000)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Data creation Data managementServer operation E-book device

kg-CO2e/copy

94.3%5.7%

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5.Sensitivity analysisWaseda University Environmental Research Institute

CO2e summary comparison

P-book (5000)

E-book (3000)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Data creation Material/DeviceBook production/Server Others

kg-CO2e/copy

P-book (579g-CO2e/copy) vs E-book (277g-CO2e/copy)

-52.2%

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5.Sensitivity analysis (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

Different scenarios for iPad user behavior

iPad usage h./day 2.00h 1.00h 0.75h 0.50hCO2e for iPad/yr. 60.0kg-CO2e 52.5kg-CO2e 50.6kg-CO2e 48.8kg-CO2e

iPad usage h./yr. 730.00h 365.00h 273.75h 182.50hCO2e for iPad/h. 0.082kg-CO2e 0.144kg-CO2e 0.185kg-CO2e 0.267kg-CO2e

reading h. for reading 3 ho our CO2e from iPad 0.247kg-CO2e 0.432kg-CO2e 0.555kg-CO2e 0.802kg-CO2e

CO2e from others 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e

CO2e of E-book 277g-CO2e 462g-CO2e 585g-CO2e 832g-CO2e

% to basic scenario 100% 166.8% 211.2% 300.4%

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5.Sensitivity analysis (cont’d)Waseda University Environmental Research Institute

Different scenarios for iPad user behavior

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

iPad 2h/day iPad 1h/day iPad 0.75h/day iPad 0.5h/day

277g-CO2e

462g-CO2e

585g-CO2e

832g-CO2e

E-book (g-CO2e) P-Book(g-CO2e)

579g-CO2e

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6. Conclusions and DiscussionsConclusions

1.E-‐book is not superior compared to P-‐book all the time by the scale of CO2e

2.Key element is the calculation of the load from E-‐book device

Discussions1.How to average usage hours of E-‐book device?2.How to average reading speed of E-‐book?


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7. Expected role for ISO130 WG11What we have to think and do

1. We should try to collect information periodically from IEC (TA13? is tasked to set E-‐book related standard) and find a way to work together if possible; it will be Nakamura’s task since TA13 is controlled by Japanese manufacturers.

2.We might propose calculation scheme for E-‐book; it means that we suggest calculation framework, such as scenario setting about “How to compare two of those?”, not detailed assessment methods for electronic devices.

3.We can work on case-‐study for different printed products in the near future to compare Paper-‐products to E-‐products and publicize in appendix of 16759 or special edition of the report at the very least.


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Thank you for your attention.You can have a look at this presentation file:

http://www.slideshare.net/ShimizuHiro/edit_my_uploadsSHIMIZU PRINTING web site:

http://www.shzpp.co.jp

Business

Comparison of E-book vs Paper-book 20120930