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Chicago City Hall Case Study 9/20/11 Janaki Douillard
Figure 1 Design Plan View of Chicago City Hall Green Roof1
1 Guide to Rooftop Gardening
1
PROJECT NAME: Chicago City Hall
CLIENT: City of Chicago
PROJECT LOCATION: Chicago, Illinois
COMPLETION DATE: Summer 2001
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS2
GREEN ROOF CATEGORY: Combination of shallow and deep (semi-intensive)
NEW or RETROFIT: Retrofit
SIZE: 20300 sq.ft.
MEDIA DEPTH: 3.5-9 inches3
TYPE OF MEMBRANE: Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)4
COST: $2.5 million
DESIGNERS/MANUFACTURERS OF RECORD5
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: Conservation Design Forum
ROOFSCAPES CONTRACTOR: Church Landscape
ARCHITECT: McDonough + Partners
GREENROOF SYSTEM: Roofscapes, Inc. (later renamed Roofmeadow)
PROJECT ENGINEERING: Roy F. Weston, Inc.
GENERAL CONTRACTOR: Bennett and Brosseau Roofing
WATERPROOFING: Sarnafil
MAINTENANCE COMPANY: Chicago Department of Transportation6
2 Greenroofs.com 3 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 4 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 5 Greenroofs.com 6 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/
2
GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Chicago City Hall’s green roof was designed as a test roof for the Urban
Heat Island project7 and as such had weather systems installed to monitor certain
atmospheric variables both on the green roof side of the building and on the black tar
roof which was on the County’s side of the building. This particular green roof sparked
the “greening” movement of Chicago, which led to Chicago’s new title of the “greenest
city in America.”
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
Energy Efficiency
Green roofs are known to lower the costs of heating and cooling a building
because they increase the insulation layer in the winter and reflect a lot of the heat that
would be retained on a black tar roof in the summer. The Chicago City Hall green roof is
no different, in fact it saves the City Hall $5000 a year on utility bills according to
Michael Berkshire.8 The National Research Council of Canada (2003) claims green
roofs can reduce the transfer of heat through the roof by 70-90% in the summer and 10-
30% in the winter, which lowers the overall energy usage by 75%.9
Increased Solar Panel Efficiency
Recently, it has become known that solar panels begin to decline in efficiency if
the ambient temperature on a roof increases too much on a hot day. The International
Green Roof Association encourages the use of green roofs and solar panels together
because green roofs naturally lower the ambient temperature on a roof, which results in
7 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 8 Greenroofs.com 9 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp:8
3
higher efficiency of the solar panels.10 Solar panels are also easy to install on green
roofs, provide shade for low growing plants, and reduce wind levels that tear up
topsoil.11 The Chicago City Hall green roof does not incorporate the symbiosis of the
green roof-solar panel combination. The already exorbitant price of $2.5 million for the
Chicago City Hall green roof12 may have been a factor in their decision to opt out on the
solar panel inclusion. This green roof cost approximately $120/sq. ft, and with solar
panels costing approximately $100/ sq. ft13, the inclusion of solar panels would have
nearly doubled the price of this project.
Prolonged Membrane Durability and Longevity
Green roofs protect the roof membrane and can extend the useful life of a roof by
around 50% because it protects the membrane from weather and wear.14 The type of
membrane used on the Chicago City Hall green roof was a thermoplastic polyolefin
(TPO)15. TPO is a synthetic roofing material that serves the function of both
waterproofing membrane but also root barrier as a part of a green roof system. It is
important that the waterproofing membrane selected is resistant to chemical exposure
as are TPO membranes since chemical can leach through the green roof layer and
attack the membrane.16
10 http://www.igra‐world.com/engineering/solar_energy.php 11 http://www.igra‐world.com/engineering/solar_energy.php 12 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=21 13 http://solarpowerauthority.com/how‐much‐does‐it‐cost‐to‐install‐solar‐on‐an‐average‐us‐house/ 14 Guide to Rooftop Gardening 15 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 16 http://www.firestonebpco.com/roofing/tpo/
4
Fire Prevention
Although green roofs can be a source of fire prevention in cities, on the Chicago
City Hall green roof that did not appear to be the priority. This green roof was designed
to be able to withstand the harsh wind and water conditions as well as the dramatic
seasonal shifts in Chicago, which meant utilizing a lot of the native prairie plants.17
Since prairie plants are designed to thrive with less water, they do not serve as well for
fire prevention as succulent plants.
Local Job Creation
Several of the firms hired to develop and maintain the Chicago City Hall green
roof were local Illinois companies. Conservation Design Forum, Church Landscape,
Bennett and Brosseau Roofing and the Chicago Department of Transportation were all
local companies employed in the creation of the City Hall green roof. It is surprising that
Chicago City Hall didn’t outsource more of their work to nonlocal green roof companies
since none of the local contractors had any experience with green roofs.18 Fortunately,
Chicago City Hall did employ a few local companies, which led to both Roofscapes Inc
and Church Landscape to go on and develop the green roof for the Chicago Center for
Green Technologies (CCGT) and the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum.19 Conservation
Design Forum was employed again on the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum as well.20
The Chicago City Hall green roof sparked the creation of many more green roofs
throughout Illinois. By 2008, there were 186,000 sq meters of green roofs in Chicago
17http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_city_hallrooftopgardenplantsandmaintenance.html 18 House transportation and infrastructure subcommittee on water resources 19 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=18 20 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=448
5
alone, which was more than the combination of all other US cities.21 Job creation related
to green roofs rose 80% from 2004-200522 and green roof construction rose 30% in
2007 alone23. Not only did the Chicago City Hall green roof spark rapid proliferation of
green roofs but also it subsequently increased the projects available for these now
experienced local green roof companies to pick up.
Meeting Regulatory Requirements for Water Treatment of Urban Runoff
Green roofs are newly being considered and implemented for their aid in
reducing the burden stormwater events can take on the existing sewer systems and
waste water treatment plants. The Chicago City Hall green roof can retain 75% of a 1-
inch rainfall before the runoff begins to enter the stormwater system.24 In certain storm
water events, the runoff and sewer overflow can surpass the capacity of the water
treatment facilities in which case the excess is diverted into local waterways.25 Green
roofs can lessen the necessity of dumping raw wastewater into rivers and polluting local
eco-systems. Chicago’s new Water Agenda admitted that traditional stormwater
management techniques are insufficient in Chicago’s case and new “green
infrastructure” will need to be implemented in order to prevent over taxing the existing
sewer system.26 This new project and green infrastructure has the goal of reducing
storm water run off by 50%. 27
21 Chicago’s green revolution starts at the top 22 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 9. 23 Green roofs take root in cities across the country 24http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_s_city_hallrooftopgarden.html 25 Green roofs take root in cities across the country 26 House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources 27 House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources
6
Reduce Community Resistance to new Developments
The aesthetic and “green” nature of rooftop gardens can limit the amount of
resistance local communities levy against new developments. Studies have shown that
creating more “green” spaces within urban environments can also dramatically increase
real estate prices.28 So not only do communities fuss less over new developments when
there are green roofs involved but real estate surrounding green roof areas is sought
after by local communities.
LEED and Opportunity for local, regional and national market exposure
Green roofs are a great technique to bring more awareness to a company or city.
Chicago has spent millions of dollars on greening up their city to earn the title the
“Emerald City” or the “Greenest City in America”.29 This new branding of Chicago has
increased tourism and real estate prices throughout the city. In nine years, Chicago
received nine awards and Mayor Daley himself received two from the American Society
for Landscape Architects (ASLA).30 Chicago has been recognized as a leader in green
roof development and in 2010 boasted 600 green roofs totaling an approximate 7 million
sq. feet.31 Green spaces in cities also denote areas of pride and investment that
contactors take into account when choosing new areas to develop.32
28 House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources 29 Chicago’s green revolution starts at the top 30 American Society for Landscape Architects ASLA 31 Roundup: Chicago benefits 32 House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources
7
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Creation and Preservation of Habitat and Increasing Biodiversity
The Chicago City Hall green roof created an entirely new ecosystem with more
than 150 varieties of plant life.33 There are 100 varieties of shrubs, 40 varieties of vines
and 2 varieties of trees that make up the total of 20,000 plants found on Chicago City
Hall’s rooftop (for a full list of plants used see index). Many of these plants are
perennials and were chosen for their low-maintenance tendencies.34 The City Hall green
roof also created a new habitat for bees with the incorporation of two beehives.35 These
two beehives not only produce over 150 lbs of honey every year but also increase the
biodiversity of the rooftop by providing a source of food for other insects that survive by
consuming bees.36
Figure 2 Variation of Plant Life37
33 Roundup: Chicago benefits 34 Roundup: Chicago benefits 35 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 36 Roundup: Chicago benefits 37 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/
8
Temperature Regulation - Reduce ‘urban heat island effect’
The Chicago City Hall green roof was a pilot project called Chicago City’s Urban
Heat Island Initiative, which was designed to test the benefits of green roofs.38 Since
studying the temperature changes caused by the green roof was of such a central
interest to this project, consistent monitoring was set-up. Weather stations that recorded
temperature readings were positioned both on the green roof side of the building and
also on the black tar side that housed Cook County’s administrative offices.39 These
temperature readings were then recorded and studied by the U.S. EPA and Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory to determine the large-scale benefits of green roofs.40
After 10 years of monitoring the 2 difference roof sections, the average air temperature
on the green roof side has proven to be consistently 10-15 degrees F lower than the
black tar side.41 It was even shown that on hot days the temperature difference could be
as great as 50 degrees F.42
Improve Air Quality
It is well known that plants help cleanse the air of certain airborne pollutants and
some plants do this better than others. In the case of the Chicago City Hall green roof,
although the City does claim that the green roof improves air quality, there is little data
38http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_s_city_hallrooftopgarden.html 39http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/monitoring_the_cityhallrooftopgardensbenefit.html 40http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/monitoring_the_cityhallrooftopgardensbenefit.html 41 United States: Greening the concrete jungle 42 United States: Greening the concrete jungle
9
that supports how well this particular green roof garden is improving the air quality.43
The decision for certain plants over other plants was determined by the plants resilience
to harsh weather conditions like strong winds, little water and dramatically changing
seasons.44
Stormwater Management
Green roof systems absorb, slow and often filter the run-off produced by large
rainwater events. Deeper growth media systems as can be seen at the green roof on
Chicago’s City Hall, which reaches up to 9 inches of medium, are a huge aid in slowing
down run-off in event situations.45 The Chicago City Hall green roof utilizes a
combination of Type II and Type III systems (more info on Roofmeadow Type II and
Type III systems can be found in the Index), Type III being the 9 inches of medium is
designed for absorbing moisture and slowing the water discharge rate.46 Chicago’s
Climate Action Plan (CCAP) which includes utilizing green roof systems for their array of
benefits is also repaving streets and other hard surfaces with permeable, light colored
substitutes that help slow down stormwater and also reduce the Urban Heat Island
effect (UHI) by reflecting instead of retaining heat from the sun.47
Water filtration
As a natural part of a green roof system, the layers of the system provide a fairly
consistent method of water filtration. The water that does drain through the Chicago City
43http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_s_city_hallrooftopgarden.html 44http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_s_city_hallrooftopgarden.html 45 http://www.roofmeadow.com/case‐studies/selected‐case‐studies/chicago‐city‐hall/ 46 http://www.roofmeadow.com/details‐specs‐services/details‐specs/type‐iii/ 47 United States: Greening the Concrete Jungle
10
Hall green roof system has been filtered through several layers of medium and will have
removed much of the airborne pollutants the stormwater would have collected on its
way down through the atmosphere. This means that the water that does make its way
into the sewer system from the green roof will be less polluted and less taxing on the
city’s “aging” waster water treatment plant.48
COMMUNITY & SOCIAL BENEFITS
Aesthetics & New Amenity / Recreational Space
The greening on Chicago City Hall’s rooftop is naturally more aesthetically
appealing than the black tar on the County side of the building’s roof49. Unfortunately,
the design of this rooftop garden was not a recreational space, new amenity for the
citizens of Chicago or even open for public tours50. In order to appreciate the rooftop
garden on top of Chicago’s City Hall, one can view it from the neighboring Department
of Environment building or various other neighboring office buildings51.
Improved Health and Horticultural Therapy
Although the Chicago City Hall green roof was not designed with the added
health benefits that access to a natural environment can provide, it did create a sense of
pride and became the City’s symbol for its various “greening the city” initiatives. The
Chicago City Hall does recognize the effect higher city temperatures can have on health
48 House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources 49http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/monitoring_the_cityhallrooftopgardensbenefit.html 50 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=21 51 Chicago’s green revolution starts at the top
11
and in that way promoted the use of more green roofs to lower the Urban Heat Island
effect and therefore lower diseases that arise from hot polluted climates.52
Noise Reduction, Blocking Electromagnetic Radiation
Green roofs have the benefit of being able to reduce noise levels within buildings
by 40-60 decibels.53 This does not appear to be the intention or even a foreseen
consequence of a green roof atop Chicago’s City Hall. Another unforeseen
consequence could be the green roof’s effect on honeybee livelihood. Green roofs
reduce the amount of electromagnetic radiation by up to 94%54 and research shows that
the recent decline in honeybees may be attributed to the increase in electromagnetic
radiation due to the proliferance of cell phones today.55 It is possible that reduction of
disturbing electromagnetic radiation atop the Chicago City Hall building may be
increasing the production of the two beehives on the roof than there might be otherwise
in such an urban environment.
Creating Ballast against Wind Uplift
The high winds that are seen atop skyscrapers can create wind uplift, which is
naturally a straining force on the roof. A heuristic for wind is that for every 10 stories up,
the wind speed doubles56, which means wind uplift just gets worse on taller buildings.
Green roofs provide enough weight on top of the roof that it can often counter the
pressure and strain that wind uplift causes on a roof, especially along the edges of a
52 Guide to Rooftop Gardening 53 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 12 54 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 12 55 Colony collapse disorder 56 Guide to Rooftop Gardening
12
roof.57
Urban Agriculture
Although green roofs are capable of agricultural growth, the rooftop garden at
Chicago’s City Hall was not designed for food production. Rooftop gardens can provide
a source of local farming in cities, which reduces harmful emissions involved in
transportation and reduces overall cost. The Chicago City Hall rooftop garden may not
have incorporated urban agriculture because of the wind intensity 11 stories58 above
ground and the fact agricultural gardens need to be extensive systems. Since the
existing rooftop garden is semi-extensive, it is likely there was not enough extensive
flowerbed space to make an efficient vegetable garden. The high winds on the rooftop
also make the optimum plants not agricultural but native prairie plants59. Mayor Daley
did implement local growing at a different location in Chicago though. As a part of the
Chicago Organic plan, which aims to provide local food to Chicago citizens, a City Farm
was created and there are many local farmers markets within the city.60
Public Education
Green roofs can be a great opportunity for educating the public about rooftop
gardens or just gardens in general. Mayor Daley’s objective with this green roof was to
get the ball rolling in terms of environmental policies and as such he chose to begin with
a symbol of his dedication to environmentalism, the City Hall’s green roof. This symbol
may have done more for educating the populace about the possibilities of green roofs
57 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 12 58 United States: Greening the concrete jungle 59http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/supp_info/chicago_s_city_hallrooftopgarden.html 60 Chicago’s green revolution starts at the top
13
than any booklet or demonstration workshop could. After completing the Chicago City
Hall green roof, the City of Chicago went on to create more green roofs such as the
ones on the Chicago Center for Green Technology (CCGT), Millennium Park and the
O’Hare International Airport. This sparked the emergence of many green roofs in the
private sector within Chicago at some well-known companies such as Apple Store,
Walmart, Target, Best Buy and FedEx (For a more complete list of Private Sector and
Public Sector green roofs see the Index). In a more hands-on form of public education,
the city of Chicago did develop a demonstration program on the green roof at the Peggy
Notebaert Nature Museum.61 The City of Chicago Department of Environment also
developed a booklet of guidelines for creating a green roof in Chicago to make the
process easier and more user-friendly.62
Figure 3 Cover of Green Roof Guidelines Brochure63
61 Roundup: Chicago benefits 62 Greenroofs.com 63 Guide to Rooftop Gardening
14
Reduction of Waste Volumes
The City of Chicago claims green roofs on average last 50% longer than
conventional roofs.64 There are other studies that claim they last even longer, 2.5-3
times longer.65 This all supports the fact that the less often roofs need to be replaced
the less waste is generated that ends up in landfills. Stable and lower roof temperatures
can also increase the effectiveness and useful life of HVAC systems and other rooftop
electronic systems, which are not only costly to replace but also to dispose of.66
SUMMARY
Chicago is in the unique position of having marketed itself as the “greenest city in
America.” Chicago also has more green roofs per square foot than all the cities in the
US combined. With the research done on its pilot project, the City Hall green roof,
Chicago now has the opportunity with all the data and clout it has collected to educate
and inspire other cities to follow in its footsteps. Chicago has been able to prove that
green roofs can lower urban temperature, help with stormwater management,
rejuvenate dilapidated communities, increase tourism and increase surrounding real
estate prices. Since green roofs are such a visual representation of greening the city,
they were a great first step in getting the citizens of Chicago on board for more green
technologies. Unfortunately, green roofs are expensive and have not made it to the
homes of the general population. Chicago now has the opportunity and challenge of
64 Guide to Rooftop Gardening 65 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 13. 66 Design Guidelines and Maintenance Manual for Green Roofs in the Semi‐Arid and Arid West – pp. 13.
15
finding a way to market green roofs to the everyday citizens of Chicago at a price they
can afford.
The constraints surrounding green roofs are that often they can be very
expensive to deploy, especially if the existing roof was not made to withstand the
additional weight of a roof garden. Extensive green roof systems generally weigh
around 20-34 lbs/sq. ft and Intensive green roof systems can weigh all the way up to
150 lbs/sq. ft.67 Even just an extensive green roof system could be doubling the weight
capacity of a Chicago roof if it was made to withstand only the required snow load of 30
lbs/sq. ft.68 If no structural additions were required in order to sustain a green roof, the
cost would still be around 50% more than the cost of a conventional roof.69 The
substantial cost of a green roof has made the movement into green roofs center mostly
in the public sector and commercial buildings. Most private home have not made this
green leap yet.
67 Guide to Rooftop Gardening 68 Guide to Rooftop Gardening 69 Guide to Rooftop Gardening
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Guide to Rooftop Gardening. The City of Chicago Department of Environment, Mayor
Daley’s Landscape Task Force, and the Green Roof Infrastructure Committee.
American Society of Landscape Architects ASLA; Landscape Architects Gather in
Chicago for Annual Meeting on "Beyond Sustainability" Anonymous. Ecology,
Environment & Conservation Business. Atlanta:Oct 10, 2009. p. 22
Annual Green Roof Industry Survey. Steven Peck. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. April
2011. www.greenroofs.org
Chicago's green revolution starts at the top; Rooftop gardens flourish in Windy City,
thanks to Mayor Daley Leslie Garrett. Toronto Star. Toronto, Ont.:Aug 14,
2008. p. T.2
Chicago City Hall. Greenroofs.com. 2010. http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/
pview.php?id=21
Chicago City Hall: Chicago, IL. Roofmeadow. 2011. http://www.roofmeadow.com/case-
studies/selected-case-studies/chicago-city-hall/
Colony collapse disorder. Laura Bellingan Biologist: Institute of Biology. 54 n. 3 Aug
2007. P. 124
Green Buildings, Roofs & Homes. City of Chicago: The City of Chicago’s Official Site.
2010-2011 City of Chicago. http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doe/
provdrs/green.html
Green fingers are spreading across the pond
Rosie Boycott. Evening Standard. London (UK):Sep 17, 2009. p. 15
Green roofs take root in cities across the country
Lisa Anderson. McClatchy - Tribune News Service. Washington:Sep 23, 2008.
17
House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources and
Environment Hearing - Impact of Green Infrastructure and Low Impact
Development on the Nation's Water Quality, Economy and Communities
Testimony by David Yocca. Congressional Documents and Publications. Federal
Information & News Dispatch, Inc. Sept. 30, 2010. p. 1-7
Roundup: Chicago benefits from seven million square feet of green roof space
Anonymous. Xinhua News Agency - CEIS. Woodside:Jul 30, 2010.
United States: Greening the concrete jungle; Cities and climate change
Anonymous. The Economist. London:Sep 3, 2011. Vol. 400, Iss. 8749, p. 29-32
18
INDEX
Private Green Roofs:70
FedEx Cargo Relocation Project, Main Sort Building, Enterprise Rental Car Facility
Maintenance Building at O'Hare, FedEx Cargo Relocation Project, World Service Center
& Administration Building, Enterprise Rental Car Facility Customer Service Center at
O'Hare, FedEx Cargo Relocation Project, Vehicle Maintenance Building, Menards
Home Improvement Store, Shedd Aquarium, Aqua, Chicago Botanic Garden Daniel F.
and Ada L. Rice Plant Conservation Science Center, Fletcher Jones Mercedes Benz,
mkSolaire™ Smart Home at Museum of Science and Industry, 900 North Michigan
Avenue Parking Garage (Rush & Walton), Jewel-Osco Supermarket, Ronald McDonald
House of Chicago, McCormick Place Convention Center, Wal-Mart Store #5402, Bank
of America, Gary Comer Youth Center Green Roof, Chicago Residential Highrise 950 W.
Monroe, Home Depot Western Avenue, Target Store McKinnley, ABN AMRO, 2020
Green Dream, Target Store South Loop, Target Store West Addison, Schwab
Rehabilitation Hospital, Best Buy Elston Store, Apple Computer Store, Peggy Notebaert
Nature Museum, Sachs Residence
70 List from greenroofs.com
19
Public Chicago Green Roofs: 71
O'Hare International Airport North Air Traffic Control Base Building, Chicago Midway
Airport Garage, O'Hare International Airport Mount Prospect Road Guard Post, O'Hare
International Airport Building 607 New South Vault and New Duct Bank Buildings,
O'Hare International North Air Traffic Control Tower ComEd Building, Chicago Cultural
Center, O'Hare International Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) Station #3,
Millennium Park, Soldier Field, Engine Company #98 Chicago Department of General
Services, Chicago Center for Green Technology (CCGT)
71 List from greenroofs.com
Roofmeadow ♦ 7135 Germantown Ave., 2nd Floor ♦ Philadelphia, PA, 19119 ♦ o. 215.247.8784 ♦ f. 215.247.4659 ♦ [email protected]
Roofmeadow® Type II Data Sheet Our experience demonstrates that the most efficient designs for the vast majority of American green roofs can be derived from five basic green roof types (Type I, II, III, IV, V). Roofmeadow® has developed assemblies for each of these types. The selected assembly depends in part on project conditions including climate, desired plant community, performance requirements, and load bearing capacity of the building. All assemblies will include the following elements: 1) protection of the waterproofing membrane from root and biological attack, 2) protection of the waterproofing membrane from physical abuse and accident, 3) a base drainage layer, 4) a separation layer to prevent fine-grained engineered soils from fouling or clogging the drainage layer system, and 5) an engineered soil to support the vegetation.
Type II: Single Media With Sheet Drain Type II assemblies include a synthetic drain layer that offers a much lower resistance to water flow than growth media. In this assembly, the drainage layer is a geocomposite sheet drain, and the growth media exhibits a moderate permeability and porosity. A filter fabric separates the media from the underlying geocomposite sheet drain. The root-permeable filter fabric keeps media fines out of the drainage zone. A common variation, used mostly in conjunction with PMR roofing systems, utilizes a sheet drain with recesses to retain water. This type of sheet minimizes the loss of moisture into the underlying insulation. To reduce plant stress during drought conditions, the drainage layer should not exceed one-inch (2.5 cm) in thickness. Type II assemblies are probably the most common extensive assemblies in the United States, and typical assembly thicknesses range from 3 to 6 inches (8 to 15 cm). This assembly is not optimized for irrigation, which is not recommended in temperate climates. The profile of a Type II assembly is as follows: Wind Erosion Stabilization System Growth Medium Root-permeable Separation Fabric Sheet Drain Slope Stabilization Systems (for roof pitches exceeding 2:12) Protection Layer Root Barrier Membrane (when required) Waterproofing System
Roofmeadow ♦ 7135 Germantown Ave., 2nd Floor ♦ Philadelphia, PA, 19119 ♦ o. 215.247.8784 ♦ f. 215.247.4659 ♦ [email protected]
Roofmeadow® Type III Data Sheet Our experience demonstrates that the most efficient designs for the vast majority of American green roofs can be derived from five basic green roof types (Type I, II, III, IV, V). Roofmeadow® has developed assemblies for each of
these types. The selected assembly depends in part on project conditions including climate, desired plant community, performance requirements, and load bearing capacity of the building. All assemblies will include the following elements: 1) protection of the waterproofing membrane from root and biological attack, 2) protection of the waterproofing membrane from physical abuse and accident, 3) a base drainage layer, 4) a separation layer to prevent fine-grained engineered soils from fouling or clogging the drainage layer system, and 5) an engineered soil to support the vegetation.
Type III: Dual Media The dual media Type III assembly utilizes a granular mineral drainage media layer beneath a lightweight, fine-grained growth media. A root-permeable separation fabric separates the media layers and keeps the growth media fines from mixing with the granular media. The permeable granular media base provides several advantages; it 1) absorbs moisture, 2) provides additional hospitable volume for root growth, and 3) moderates the rate at which water is discharged from the green roof. This assembly best approximates the natural conditions associated with shallow soil over shale bedrock. Assembly thicknesses typically range from 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm). Compared to Type II assemblies of a comparable thickness, Type III assemblies are significantly more drought tolerant and accommodate a broader plant palette, even supporting turf in many climates. Type III green roofs promote strong plant growth by draining and distributing water efficiently and concentrating root mass in a stable temperature and moisture zone. If irrigation is required, then highly efficient base capillary irrigation introduces water at the root level, an approach that minimizes water loss from evaporation and promotes deep root development. The profile of a Type III assembly is as follows: Wind Erosion Stabilization System Growth Medium Root-permeable Separation Fabric Light-weight Granular Drainage Media Protection Fabric (for un-irrigated systems) Capillary Fabric (for irrigated systems) Root Barrier Membrane (when required) Waterproofing System
Extensive Soil Intensive Soil Drain Material
one layer multi layered soil mixture bulk materialmixture
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Water retention
(compressed condition)
min. 25 % min. 35% min. 50% min.15%(without waterdamming)
Water permeability
(compressed condition)
min. 60 mm/min min. 0,6
mm/min
min. 0.3 mm/min min. 180mm/min
Air content
(fully saturated)
min. 25% min. 15% min. 20%
Weight (density)
(fully saturated)
0.8-1.4 g/cm3 1.0-2.2 g/cm3 1.4-2.2 g/cm3 1.0-1.8 g/cm3 0.8-1.8 g/cm3
dependent onthe material
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
pH-value 6.5 - 9.5 6.5 - 8.0 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 - 8.0
Salt content of water
extract
(recommended, if
possible)
max. 1 g/liter
Initial organic matter 3-8 % 3-6 % 6-12 %
Nitrogen (N) slightly
soluble
max. 60 mg/liter max. 60 mg/liter
Phosphorous (P2O5) max. 150 mg/liter max. 200 mg/liter
Potassium (K2O) min. 150 mg/liter min. 150 mg/liter
Magnesium (Mg) max. 120 mg/liter max. 120 mg/liter
Growing medium. Providers recommended custom mix of organic and inorganic materials that willsupport vigorous growth of the specified plant species, complying with the following requirements of theGerman FLL standards:
QTY. BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME 45 Achilea millefolium 'Paprika' Yarrow 20 Achillea millefolium 'Heidi' Yarrow 35 Achillea sp. 'Schwelienburg' 40 Allium canadense wild onion 30 Amorpha canescens leadplant 125 Andropogon scoparius little bluestem grass 20 Anemone canadensis meadow anemone 60 Anemone patens wolfgangiana pasque flower 10 Anemone virginiana tall anemone 35 Aquilegia canadensis American columbine 24 Arabis caucasica 'Flore Pleno' Fiore Pleno arabis 24 Artemisia shmidtiana 'Silver Mound' 30 Artemisia sp. 'Powis Castle' 24 Artemisia stelleriana 'Silver Brocade' 30 Asclepias tuberosa butterfly weed 37 Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed 50 Aster azureus sky blue aster 25 Aster ericoides heath aster 25 Aster laevis smooth blue aster 35 Aster novae-angliae New England aster 30 Aster obiongifolius aromatic aster 30 Aster ptarmicoides upland white aster 20 Aster sericeus silky aster 20 Astragalus canadensis milkvetch 40 Baptisia leucophaea cream wild indigo 10 Blephilia ciliata Ohio horse mint 60 Bouteloua curtipendula side-oats grama 580 Bouteloua gracilis blue gramma 485 Boutelous hirsuta hairy gramma 725 Buchloe dactyloides buffalo grass 35 Callirhoe involucrata wine cups 60 Campanula poscharskyana Serbian belfflower 25 Campanula rotundifolia harebell 445 Carex Bicknellii Bicknells sedge 105 Carex cephalophora woodbank sedge 100 Carex gravida sedge 100 Carex grayi 'Morning Stae sedge 1060 Carex pennsylvanica Pennsylvania sedge 32 Cassia fasciculata partridge pea 10 Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea 12 Ceraatium tomentosum 'Silberteppich' 15 Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum ox-eye daisy 40 Coreopsis auriculata'Nana' Coreopsis
15 Coreopsis lanceolata sand coreopsis 190 Corydalis flexuasa 'Blue Panda' blue corydalis 230 Corydalis lutea yellow corydalis
440 Danthonia spicata poverty oat grass 15 Desmanthus illinoensis Illinois sensitive plant 32 Dianthus allwoodii 'Helen' 32 Dianthus alpinus allwood pink 400 Dianthus carthusianorum dianthus 370 Dianthus deltoides dianthus 70 Dianthus gratianopolitanus 'Tiny Rubies' 35 Dianthus gratianopolitanus ‘spotty’ 20..Dianthus gratianopolitanus v. gra cheddar pinks 240.Dianthus plumarius dianthus 15 Dodecatheon meadii shooting star 85 Echinacea purpurea purple coneflower 20 Echinops bannaticus 'Blue Glow' 85 Elymus canadensis Canada wild rye 85 Elymus villosus silky wild rye IO Eryngium yuccifolium rattlesnake master 35 Euphorbia polychroma cussion spurge 400 Festuca amethystina 'Bronzegianz' 400 Festuca glauca 'Elijah Blue' 32 Gaillardia 'Kobold' Blanket Flower 55 Geranium sanguineum Cranesbill 20 Geranium sanguineum 'Max Frei’ Cranesbill 30 Geranium sanguineum var. striat Cranesbill 40 Geum cor-cineum 'Borisii' Geum 60 Geum trfflorum prairie smoke 12 Gypsophila repens 'Rosea' 12 Gypsophila repens creeping baby's breath 25 Helianthus mollis downy sunflower 20 Helianthus rigidus showy sunflower 110 Helictotrichon sempervirons blue oat grass 45 Hemerocalis 'Anzac' Daylily 45 Hemerocallis 'Liftle Wine Cup' Daylily 20 Hemerocallis'Stelia d'Oro' Stella d'Oro daylify 20 Heuchera brizoides'Huntsman' Coralbelis 45 Heuchera brizoides 'Red Spangif’ Coralbells 10 Heuchere richardsonii prairie alum root 435 Hieracium piloselia hieracium 100 Hystrix patula botdebrush grass 157 lberis sempervirens candytuft 497 Juncus tenuis path rush 45 Knautia macedonia knautia 457 Koeleria cristata June grass 445 Koeleda glauca large blue hair grass 20..Lavandula angustifolia 'Munsteac’ Munstead lavender 60 Lavandula angustifolia 'Hidecote' Hidecote lavender 10 Lespedeza capitata round-headed bush clover
75 Leymus arenarius blue lyme grass 30 Liatris aspera rough blazing star 47 Liatris cylindracea dwarf blazing star 32 Linaria vulgaris bufter-and-eggs 25 Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco 25 Lychnis'Flottbeck' Campion 20 Monarda 'Cambridge Scarlet' Bergamot 10 Monarda fistulosa wild bergamot 47 Opuntia humifusa prickly pear cactus 20 Origanum vulgare odganum 110 Panicum leibergii prairie panic grass
110 Panicum leibergii prairie panic grass 85 Panicum virgatum switch grass 45 Papaver orientate poppy 20 Papaver orientale 'Brilliant' poppy 10 Parthenium integrifolium wild quinine 10 Penstemon digitalis foxglove beard tongue 10 Penstemon pailidus pale beard tongue 65 Penstemon 'Prairie Dusk' Obedient plant 70 Penstemon sp. 'Utahensis' 182 Petalostemum candidum white prairie clover 255 Petalostemum purpureum purple prairie clover 295 Petrorhagia saxigrage petrorhagia 112 Phlox bifida sand phlox 165 Phlox sp. 'Emerald Cushion Blue' 12 Phlox sp. 'Emerald Pink' 15 Polemonium reptans Jacobsladder 15 Potentilia argute prairie cinquefoil 10 Prenanthes alba lion's foot 25 Ranunculus rhomboides prairie buttercup 20 Ratibida columnifera mexican hat 15 Ratibida pinnata yellow coneflower 10 Rosa carolina pasture rose 45 Rudbeckia subtomentosa sweet black eyed Susan 215 Ruellia humilis hairy ruellia 75 Salvia nemorosa 'Mainacht' Purple Saivia 25 Scutelaria parvula small skullcap 320 Sedum acre wall pepper 655 Sedum album white sedum 540 Sedum floriferum sedum 620 Sedum hybridum sedum 95 Sedum kamtschatcum orange stonecrop 380 Sedum 'Mochren' Mochren sedum 450 Sedum reflexum sedum 720 Sedum sexangulare sedum 185 Sedum spectible 'Matrona' Matrona sedum 520 Sedum spurium sedum 185 Sedum 'Vera Jameson' Vera Jameson sedum 190 Sempervivum arachnoideum hens and chicks 450 Sempervivum-Hybriden sepervivum 15 Smilacina racemosa False Solomons seal 15 Solidago flexicaulis broad-leaved goldenrod 20 Solidago juncea early goldenrod 25 Solidago nemoraiis old-field goldenrod 20 Solidago speciosa showy goldenrod 15 Solidago ulmifolia elm-leaved goldenrod 110 Sporobolus heterolepis prairie dropseed
25 Stachys byzantina 'Helene von Stein' 125 Thymus praecox 'Coccineus' 'Coceineus' 112 Thymus praecox 'Albiflorus' 'Albifforus' 625 Thymus serpylium thymus 10 Tradescantia ohiensis common spiderwort 30 Tradescantia ohiensis 'Zwanenbi’ spiderwort 432 Trifolium arvense rabbitfoot clover 50 Viola sororia common blue violet
Trees 1 Crataegus crusgalli Cockspur hawthorn 1 Malus ioensis prairie crabapple Shrubs 5 Diervilla lonicera dwarf bushhoneysuckle 24 Juniperous chinensis 'Sea Greer’ sea green juniper 11 Kerria japonica Japanese kerria 24 Microbiota decussata Russian arborvitae 26 Miscanthus sinensis var.gracillin Maiden grass 11 Rhus aromatica'Gro-low' gro-low sumac 11 Symphoricarpus alba snowberry Vines 11 Celastrus scandens American bittersweet 22 Parthenocissus tricuspidata Boston ivy 4 Clematis virginiana virgins bower
LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE PLAN
The following maintenance operations are suggested to best care for the plants that will be part of the CityHall green roof system.
Installation Care - Gardener1. Post Planting Care - A component critical to the establishment of the plants is supplemental wateringduring the first growing season. This will include immediate watering after planting, and then up to 36occurrences or 3 times per week for 13 weeks. This is especially important during a hot dry spell.
2. Weeding - As the plants begin to establish, weeds or undesirable volunteer plants may becomeprevalent until the new plants provide some competition. It will be important to work with a gardener whoknows how to identify these undesirable plants and remove them in a timely manner, i.e., before they havehad time to set seed. This will need to be done at least 3 times a week immediately after planting for 8weeks and then tapered to 1 time per week for the remaining weeks of the growing season.
3. Dead Heading Perennial and Herbaceous Plants -To ensure that the plants look their best all season,it is important to remove spent flower blossoms every week. This will maintain the plants’ health, shape,and aesthetic qualities.
4. Staking - Containerized garden plants, especially perennials, can get lanky, therefore, it is important tohave a staking program where weekly the plants are checked to see if they are leaning or losing their form.Use green bamboo (or similar aesthetically pleasing staking tool) to tie up and keep the perennials inorganized masses.
5. Erosion Control - The garden should be checked for any areas that are susceptible to wind or watererosion. Any areas that show signs of erosion should be repaired and steps taken to prevent future erosion.
Long-term Care - Landowner Care (also includes items listed above)1. Monitoring Program - A regular, bi-weekly monitoring program assessing the condition of the gardenand plants will be important for containing any pest problems before they spread, as well as making surethat the plants are growing well in the areas they were planted. Monitoring will also bring about new ideasfor supplemental planting, redesign, or species replacement.
2. Supplemental Planting - There may be areas where the selected plants do not grow or thrive asanticipated. To ensure that the rooftop always looks its best, it is important to budget for an annualsupplemental planting program. Also, as the crowns of the trees and shrubs develop, additional shade-tolerant species should be planted.
3. Perennial Division Program - Over time perennials need division in order to grow well. The dividedperennials can then be placed in other spots of the garden, or be utilized for other purposes, like plantingthem in other green roofs, employee give-aways, etc. This program should be performed every 3 to 4years.
4. Pruning/Trimming - The woody plants will need a regular program of trimming excess growth,maintaining the shape of the woody trees, and keeping open canopies to promote healthy growth andaesthetic value. This program should be performed mainly in the late season.
5. Tree Root Pruning - Since the trees will be in a confined space, a tree root pruning program, performedevery 3- to 4-years, will be needed to keep the trees contained in their small rooting areas. A specializedarborist service should be contracted to evaluate the proper way to prune the roots to maintain health andcontain the plant. This process is similar to bonsai root pruning.
6. Pest Control - Although a good maintenance program minimizes pests and diseases, there may beunpredicted stressors that could affect the plants’ health. There could be situations where aphids or mitesafflict the plants, or the pest may be mice or pigeons that become a nuisance and impact the health of theplants. A budget amount for pest control will be needed.
7. Mechanical Equipment - The green roof is located near the building’s mechanical equipment. Areassurrounding this equipment should be checked regularly and should be kept clear of vegetation.
8. Drainage - The overflow boxes and drains should be checked monthly and should be kept clear of anyobstructions.
9. Irrigation System Maintenance/Winterizing - Part of the maintenance program will include maintainingthe irrigation system. Drip irrigation systems may need to have some lengths replaced. Additionally, thesystem’s water has to be emptied as part of winterizing. In some instances, an early freeze may cause theresidual water to freeze and the pipes to crack, resulting in the need to replace the PVC pipe.