1. CASE STUDY OF EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES IN PAPUA NEW
GUINEA BY E.C. SITAPAI
2.
3.
Desk top review
Personal interviews and
Questionnaires
Three Consultative Seminars LAE,GOROKA & KOKOPO
METHODOLOGY OF PNG STUDY
4.
Assessment of policy environment for agricultural and rural
development
Assessment of policy environment for extension and advisory
services
Status of AE and advisory services
Funding commitments by PNG for AE
Assessment of impacts of AE
Assessment of tools and approaches
Assessment of capacity development
FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
5. LAND RESOURCE & POPULATION
Land Area totaling 460,000 sq. km.
Land area under agriculture 170,000 sq. km
A population of 6 million people
A rural population of 4 million people
A rural population density on total land area of 12 persons/
sq. km
Population density on land use for agriculture would be 45
persons/ sq. km.
6. AGRICULTURE RESOURCES
ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN 2010 WAS WORTH K 2160
MILLION
MAJOR CROPS ARE COFFFE, OIL PALM, COCOA, COCONUTS, RUBBER, AND
TEA
THE TOTAL AGRICULTURE GDP IS WORTH OVER K 4200 MILLION
TOTAL EXPORTS IN 2010 WAS WORTH K 15,600 MILLION. OVER 50 % OF
THIS COMES FROM GOLD, COPPER , AND OIL.
7. CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECONOMY
8.
LACK OF GOOD & PROPERLY MAINTAINED TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE
SERIOUS LAW & ORDER PROBLEMS
LACK OF FARM CREDIT SUPPORT
POOR ACCESS TO MARKETS (HIGH FREIGHT & FUEL COSTS)
WEAK AND DISFUNCTIONAL EXTENSION SYSTEM
CONSEQUENCE PREVAILING POVERTY OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCOME
GENERATION & SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS
KEY CONSTRAINTS IN THE AGRIC SECTOR
9. Bad roads discourage rural communities from working and
living on their land
10. It is 2011, and some rural communities have not changed
their means of transport
11.
Over 4 million rural people (84% of total pop.) depend on
subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture to produce food and
cash crops
Locally grown food provides 80% of the calories consumed by
rural households
Smallholder production comprises 70% of the total output of the
tree crops sector
Poor living standards and poverty are manifested in low life
expectancy (54%), underweight children (29%), poor health,
malnutrition and under nourishment.
CURRENT TRENDS IN RURAL SECTOR
12.
PNG AGRICULTURE IS ONE OF THE ANCIENT, OVER 10,000 YEARS
OLD
THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR
EVENTS, SUCH AS EARLY MIGRATIONS, COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS, AND PESTS
AND DISEASES
FROM 1940 ONWARDS MAJOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE WITH
EUROPEAN SETTLERS. LAND ALIENATION COMMENCED.
HISTORY OF PNG AGRICULTURE
13.
1950s - FURTHER LAND ALIENATION, AND INTENSIFICATION OF VILLAGE
AGRICULTURE
1960s CLEAR DICHOTOMY BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE HOLDINGS
1970s LAND RESETTLEMENT SCHEMES (OIL PALM, RUBBER, COCOA,
LIVESTOCK
1975 INDEPENDENCE & DECENTRALISATION OF THE EXTENSION
FUNCTION
1990 CORPORATISATION OF COMMODITIES
HISTORY OF PNG AGRICULTURE
14.
GIVE PEOPLE DECISION-MAKING POWERS AS INTEGRAL PARTOF
DECOLONIZATION
CREATE INSTUTIONS THAT INCREASE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF
PEOPLE & ACCOMMODATE REGIONAL& PROVINCIAL DIVERSITIES
IMPROVE DECISION-MAKING & RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN RESPONSE
TO LOCAL NEEDS & PRIORITIES
ENSURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ARE APPRORIATE TO LOCAL
CONDITIONS, NEEDS, PRIORITIES & ASPIRATIONS.
WHY DECENTRALISATION?
15.
TO GRANT INDUSTRIES INDEPENDENCE
TO ALLOW INDUSTRIES TO BECOME SELF-SUSTAINING
FREEDOM FROM POLITICAL INTERFERENCE
ENCOURAGE GREATER PARTICIPATION IN THE INDUSTRY BY THE PRIVATE
SECTOR
HAVE THE ABILITY TO RECRUIT HIGH CALIBRE STAFF
WHY CORPORATIZATION?
16.
THERE 19 PROVINCIAL EXTENSION DIVISIONS
PROVINCIAL EXTENSION IS WEAK AND UNDERESOURCED.
CAPACITY FOR SERVICE DELIVERY HIGHLY ERODED
CURRENT STAFF ARE DEFICIENT IN LATEST SKILLS AND RELEVANT
INFORMATION
THERE IS LIMITED MOTIVATION TO EXCEL
IMPACT OF DECENTRALISATION ON EXTENSION
17.
A HIGHLY FRAGMENTED SECTOR WITH A WEAK LEAD AGENCY
SERVICE DELIVERY BY COMMODITY BOARDS WERE GOOD BUTCURTAILED IN
SOME AREAS AS MOUs FAIL
SOME COMMODITY BOARDS CANNOT FUND PROGRAMS WITHOUT CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
THERE IS EVIDENCE OF WEAK INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY &
GOVERNANCE
IMPACT OF CORPORATISATION ON EXTENSION
18. TOOLS
A Central Library in existence until mid 1990s
Institutions operate independent libraries
ITC usages gain prominence from 2000
Two agricultural GIS database now widely institutionalized
Usage of mobile phones has reached one fifth of the
population
19.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER The conventional approach, Commodity push,
T&V system
FARMER EDUCATION The university outreach e.g. UNITECH SPISARD,
UNRE Diploma & Degrees Program, AITP Centre
FARMER DEMAND DRIVEN EXTENSION - Facilitation for Empowerment -
Farmer-farmer exchanges, Farmers Field Schools (CCI) and
Participatory Technology Development (NARI)
EXTENSION MODELS OVER 30 YRS
20. BLOCK MANAGMENT TRAINING
21. OUTCOME FROM BLOCK MANAGEMENT TRAINING
22. Agriculture Department aims to strengthen these functions
& links Research Industries Extension Teaching
effective education and training
Research within (staff & students) and with
collaborators
Better transfer research findings to end users
Linkages with key stakeholders
University Education Core Components of Agricultural Education
23.
24.
25.
26. Adequate consultation at community level allows for rural
communities to participate and take ownership of livelihood income
generation projects
27. Partnership with women, men and youth in commercial taro
production using IPMS
28. Taro as source of food security and income
29. Floriculture as a source of income and women
empowerment
30. NEXT GENERATION PNG FARMER
31. SO WHERE TO FROM HERE?? (1)
There should be a comprehensive review of the policies and
legislations that govern the manner in which agricultural extension
services are managed and provided nationally.
This will address the defects of the dual policies of
decentralization and corporatization. In the past, institutional
changes and improvements were largely focused on major export
crops, and relatively less importance was accorded to smallholder
food crops and livestock, despite successive statements by the
government espousing broad-based and balanced development of the
agriculture sector.
32. SO WHERE TO FROM HERE?? (2)
The reform process should determine clearly the roles and
responsibilities of the lead agency in agriculture, and that of all
participating agencies at the national, provincial, and local
level. This will ensure that acceptable guidelines are put in place
for the operational and technical linkages among the diverse set of
institutions, the mechanism(s) for their cooperation and
coordination, and priorities for their funding.
33. SO WHERE TO FROM HERE?? (3)
The reformed lead agency of the sector should be a lean,
vibrant, responsive and a progressive organization. It is a policy
setter, and a facilitator of financial and technical support to all
implementing agencies, who are bound by sound business principles
and good governance. The lead agency shall also ensure that
information on the status of extension and advisory services in PNG
is kept updated for future planning purposes.
34. SO WHERE TO FROM HERE?? (4)
The status and roles of NARS in the development of
technologies, and the delivery of agricultural innovations should
be reviewed, with the view of consolidation and streamlining of
roles, programs, and activities. The current effort in formalizing
a national NARS policy forum is a start in this direction.
35. SO WHERE TO FROM HERE?? (5)
There should be a concerted effort by the Government and
authorities to strengthen the private sector interests and
formalize their participation in the delivery of agricultural
services. Presently many private service providers operate either
as individuals or as members of informal groupings. The government
support should include financing of their network, formal
registration, training and mentoring, and regular monitoring of
performances.
