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2008 Careers in Federal Libraries 2008 Careers in Federal Libraries ALA Annual Pre-Conference Event ALA Annual Pre-Conference Event June 27, 2008 June 27, 2008 The Road to Federal Librarianship Helen Q. Sherman

Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

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Did you know the average annual salary for all librarians in the Federal Government was $74,630 in 2005? Want to find an exciting career where you can serve citizens in a meaningful way? Joins us at this pre-conference event to learn the acronyms, gather tips on applying for a federal job, and network with federal librarians over lunch. Then work with resume and interview experts to improve your "game" and your chances to land that federal job! Co-sponsors: FLICC, LSU School of Library and Information Science, Library Associates Inc., NMRT, and the ALA Placement Office. Presented on June 27, 2008 at ALA Annual Conference in Anaheim, CA.

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Page 1: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

2008 Careers in Federal Libraries2008 Careers in Federal LibrariesALA Annual Pre-Conference EventALA Annual Pre-Conference Event

June 27, 2008June 27, 2008

The Road to Federal Librarianship

Helen Q. Sherman

Page 2: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Do you want to be a Fed?Do you want to be a Fed?

Welcome! You are on the right path!

Federal libraries & information centers need talented, enthusiastic librarians

Prediction that 1/3 of federal employees are eligible to retire by 2012

Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics: The Fact Book, 2005 ed. http://www.opm.gov/feddata/factbook/2005/factbook2005.pdf

Page 3: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Roles of Federal LibrariansRoles of Federal Librarians Reference Instruction Database Development Acquisitions Cataloging Indexing Web page Development Systems In-House Library Services for Agency Personnel Marketing Management and Administration

…and that’s just at one agency!

Page 4: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Main Types of Federal Main Types of Federal LibrariesLibraries

Academic Libraries

Family “Public” Type Libraries

School Libraries

Special Libraries

Page 5: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Variety of Federal LocationsVariety of Federal Locations Academic Libraries

– Academies (4-year Degrees)– Service Universities (Graduate Degrees)

Family Libraries – E.g., Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps

School Libraries (Department of Defense)– Overseas and limited areas in U.S.

Special Libraries– Agency and Foreign Service Libraries– Medical Libraries– Law Libraries– Museums & Historical Centers– Scientific & Technical Libraries & Information Centers

Page 6: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Goal of Federal Job ProcessGoal of Federal Job Process

FederalEmployee

Employer Applicant

Page 7: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Agency’s Typical PathAgency’s Typical Pathto Federal Recruitmentto Federal Recruitment

Establishment of Appropriate Series for Job Analysis of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)

Required for Job Determination of Position Level and Salary Range Recruitment with Public Announcement of Position Screening of Applications Referral List to Selecting Official Interview Queries to References Selection Patience!

Page 8: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Establishment of Appropriate Establishment of Appropriate Series for JobSeries for Job

• Series: Four-digit code that represents a particular job function

• Grade: Level of employment that determines General Services (GS) salary (along with work location and step)

• General Services (GS) Examples:• GS-1410-09 (straight 09)• GS-1410-09/11 (promotion potential)• GS-1412-15 (highest GS level)

Page 9: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Position Classification Position Classification Standards for Each SeriesStandards for Each Series

GS Examples: *1410 – Librarian Series 1411 – Library Technician Series 1412 – Technical Information Specialist Series 1420 – Archivist Series 1421 – Archives Technician Series 1499 – Library & Archives Student Trainee Other possibilities, depending on individual’s related

education and work experience for a series

Tip: Review the job requirements to determine if you are qualified before applying.

Page 10: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Position Classification Standard Position Classification Standard for Librarian Series, GS-1410for Librarian Series, GS-1410

Page 11: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Librarian or Supervisory LibrarianLibrarian or Supervisory Librarianor Reference Librarian, etc.or Reference Librarian, etc.

Page 12: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Position Description (PD)Position Description (PD)

Tip: The Position Description (PD) summarized in a job announcement is based on factor levels for the position.

Page 13: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Differences in Factor LevelsDifferences in Factor Levelsfrom Entry Level to Experienced Librarianfrom Entry Level to Experienced Librarian

Factor 1, Knowledge Required by Position Level 1-6 950 Points:

– “The librarian provides reference services where needs are relatively easy to determine from client interviews or written requests, and the bibliographic source materials are readily accessible…”

Level 1-8 1550 Points– “The librarian serves as an expert…;”– “…an interagency or federal expert…”– “…a senior staff librarian for a library system…”

Page 14: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Differences in Levels for Differences in Levels for Supervisory ExperienceSupervisory Experience

Factor 2, Supervisory Controls Level 2-3 275 Points:

– “The supervisor defines the librarian's scope of responsibility and the objectives, priorities, and deadlines.”

Level 2-5 650 Points– “The supervisor and higher-level authorities consider the

work as technically authoritative and normally accept the librarian’s recommendations without significant change.”

Tip: Do not submit the same resume for all of your job applications. Review each announcement carefully; prepare an application to highlight your qualifications for the job.

Page 15: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

KSAsKSAs Knowledge: Organized body of information,

usually of factual or procedural nature, which, if applied, makes adequate performance on the job possible.

Skills: Proficient manual, verbal, or mental manipulation of data, people, or things. Observable, quantifiable, measurable.

Abilities: Power to perform an activity at the present time.

Page 16: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) Required - Essays(KSAs) Required - Essays

Sample Essay Questions– “ Knowledge of principles, concepts, and

techniques of library science.”– “Ability to plan and manage a program for a library’s

_______(Reference Services, Document Delivery, Cataloging, etc.)

– “Ability to lead and supervise a diverse workforce.”– “Ability to communicate effectively in writing.”

“Ability to communicate effectively other than in writing.”

Tip: Submit well-written, truthful essays with specific and relevant examples.

Page 17: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) Required – Questionnaire (KSAs) Required – Questionnaire Multiple Choice Questions

– E.g.; ‘I have performed the job of ______________ Never Occasionally As a regular part of my job with supervision As a major part of my job, usually independently and without

review by supervisor To review the work of personnel under my supervision As a recognized expert in the field, to train other divisions or the

federal community Combination of Questions & EssaysTip: Answer the questions honestly. They may be

used as the basis for your interview or queries to your references.

Page 18: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) Required –Announcement (KSAs) Required –Announcement

Expected Coverage of KSAs in Application & Resume– Note Job Description & Specific Duties in

Announcement– Note Qualifications and Evaluations

Education Requirement Specialized Experience E.g.; “Specialized experience is experience in information

management/sciences; evaluation of technologies to acquire, apply, search, communicate, generate, and utilize information resources; and program/project management and supervisory experience.”

Tip: Use relevant terminology in your resume. It will be reviewed by a personnel specialist or computer.

Page 19: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

KSA GuidelinesKSA Guidelines

Suggested Method for KSA Answers: Context: Describe the situation. Challenge: Describe what needed to be done. Action: Describe your role & specifically what you did. Results: Describe outcome in concrete, verifiable terms.

Tips: Use concrete, action verbs, and specific nouns. Use numbers, statistics, and specific time periods. Quote relevant phrases from awards. Use relevant terms from job announcement.

Page 20: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Determination of Position Level Determination of Position Level and Salary Rangeand Salary Range

General Schedule (GS)– E.g., GS-1410-09

Page 21: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

General Schedule (GS) & Locality Pay TablesGeneral Schedule (GS) & Locality Pay Tableshttp://www.opm.gov/oca/08tables/http://www.opm.gov/oca/08tables/

Page 22: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

GS Base PayGS Base PaySShowing Steps for Each Gradehowing Steps for Each Grade

Page 23: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

StepsSteps

• Within-Grade Increases (WGIs) or Step Increases• Periodic increases in General Schedule (GS) employee's

rate of basic pay from one step of the grade of the position to the next higher step of that grade; e.g., GS-11-01 to GS-11-02

• Required Waiting Period for WGI– 52 calendar weeks of acceptable performance

Page 24: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Future PossibilityFuture Possibility

Quality Step Increase (QSI)– Faster-than-normal WGI may be used to reward

employees who demonstrate sustained performance of highest quality

– Management decision per employee; not standard award

– Does not apply to incoming personnel

Page 25: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

GS Salary Table with Locality PayGS Salary Table with Locality Pay

Page 26: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Determination of Position Level Determination of Position Level and Salary Rangeand Salary Range

General Schedule (GS)– E.g., GS-1410-09

Pay Banding or Performance Based Systems– Government Accountability Office (GAO) –

E.g., PT-2210-03/03

Page 27: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

GAO-08-ISTS-2210-18GAO-08-ISTS-2210-18Information Systems & Technology Information Systems & Technology

Services (ISTS)Services (ISTS)

Page 28: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Determination of Position Level Determination of Position Level and Salary Rangeand Salary Range

General Schedule (GS)– E.g., GS-1410-09

Pay Banding or Performance Based Systems– Government Accountability Office (GAO) – E.g., PT-

2210-03/03– National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST)

E.g.,  ZP-2210-01/05

Page 29: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

NIST: ZP-2210-01/05NIST: ZP-2210-01/05

Information Technology SpecialistInformation Technology Specialist

Page 30: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Determination of Position Level Determination of Position Level and Salary Rangeand Salary Range

General Schedule (GS)– E.g., GS-1410-09

Pay Banding or Performance Based Systems– Government Accountability Office (GAO) – E.g., PT-

2210-03/03– National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST)

E.g.,  ZP-2210-01/05– Department of Defense (DoD): National Security

Personnel System (NSPS) – E.g., YA-1410-02

Page 31: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

DoD NSPS Worldwide Pay TableDoD NSPS Worldwide Pay Tablehttp://www.cpms.osd.mil/nsps/http://www.cpms.osd.mil/nsps/

Page 32: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Recruitment with Public Recruitment with Public Announcement of PositionAnnouncement of Position

* USAJOBS http://www.usajobs.opm.gov/Other Example Sites Army: http://www.cpol.army.mil/ DOT: http://careers.dot.gov/js_apply.html DTIC: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/joas/index.html FBI: https://jobs1.quickhire.com/scripts/fbi.exe GAO: http://www.gao.gov/careers/apply.html GPO: http://www.gpo.gov/careers/jobs.htm LC: https://www.avuecentral.com/ NIST: http://www.nist.gov/hrmd/index.htm

Page 33: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

USAJOBSUSAJOBS

Page 34: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Bookmark and Check Agency Bookmark and Check Agency Sites for New AnnouncementsSites for New Announcements

Tip: Some USAJOBS announcements appear on agency sites before they are searchable on USAJOBS.

Page 35: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Key Requirements of PositionKey Requirements of Position

U.S. Citizenship – Required for most federal jobs– Specified on announcement

Proof of Education – Required official transcript – sometimes as

attachment, mailed separately, or requested later

– Announcement will specify level of degree for series and instructions

Page 36: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Other Requirements of PositionOther Requirements of Position

Other Possible Application Requirements– Security Investigation– Secret or Top Secret Clearance– Drug Test– Polygraph– Mandatory Emergency Essential Status– Travel

Page 37: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Location of PositionLocation of Position

Announcement specifies location of job

Moving expenses usually NOT provided

Tip: If you can be flexible and mobile, you could expand your opportunities and have an interesting career.

Page 38: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

StatusStatus Check Eligibility for Position Check “Yes” or “No” for Applicant Eligibility

– Are you a current or former Federal civilian employee who holds or held a non-temporary appointment?

Announcement Designations:– Status (current or former career or career-

conditional Federal employees)– Public– U.S. Citizens and Status– All Sources

Tip: If you have no prior federal service, look for Public, U.S. Citizen, or All Sources.

Page 39: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Search by Applicant EligibilitySearch by Applicant Eligibility

Page 40: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Status Candidate DefinedStatus Candidate Defined

Page 41: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

TermsTerms

WHO MAY BE CONSIDERED:   Federal Career/Career-Conditional employees, Transfer, Reinstatement Eligibles, 30% Disabled Veterans, Veterans Employment Opportunities Act (VEOA) and other individuals eligible under special appointment authorities.

Page 42: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Career & Career-ConditionalCareer & Career-Conditionalhttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI38.asphttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI38.asp

Page 43: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

TransferTransferhttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI5.asphttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI5.asp

Page 44: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

ReinstatementReinstatementhttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI2.asphttp://www.usajobs.gov/EI2.asp

Page 45: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Veterans’ PreferenceVeterans’ Preferencehttp://www.usajobs.gov/ei3.asphttp://www.usajobs.gov/ei3.asp

Page 46: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Summary: Who May ApplySummary: Who May Apply

Page 47: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Overview: Who May Be ConsideredOverview: Who May Be Considered

Page 48: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Permanent: Full TimePermanent: Full Time

Page 49: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Multiple: Pool of ApplicantsMultiple: Pool of Applicants

Page 50: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Librarian & Supervisory LibrarianLibrarian & Supervisory Librarian

Page 51: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Technical Information SpecialistTechnical Information Specialist

Page 52: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Open Period (Important!)Open Period (Important!)

Tip: Observe the closing date and allow time for Tip: Observe the closing date and allow time for system failures with the online resume.system failures with the online resume.

Page 53: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Screening of ApplicationsScreening of Applications

• Evaluation of your application against the position’s qualification requirements

• Review by Agency Human Resources Specialist and/or Automated System (NOT a Career Librarian)

• Ranking relative to the other candidates (for some agencies)

Tip: Use specific, relevant language to explain your KSAs. Avoid acronyms, abbreviations, special characters, and library jargon. Do not assume a person (or machine) will understand your experiences.

Page 54: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Referral List to Selecting OfficialReferral List to Selecting Official

List of Highly Qualified Candidates or Most Highly Qualified Candidates issued by Human Resources Office to Selecting Official

Agency Review by Panel or Selecting Official

TIP: Remember that there is competition for the position. Being Qualified does not guarantee that you will be interviewed or selected for the job.

Page 55: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

InterviewInterview

Most agencies conduct interviews of top candidates only Interview by panel or selecting official Interview in person or by telephone (Trip not provided) One or two rounds of interviews Writing samples of relevant work may be required Same questions for ALL applicants - to be fair & equal Maybe a thought-provoking or situational question Officials take notes and evaluate the responses Usually, opportunity provided for candidate to ask

question(s) about the job at the end

Page 56: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Queries to ReferencesQueries to References

Usually by telephone and/or email

Standard questions for all candidates from the group

Reference sometimes offers to send additional material

Page 57: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

SelectionSelection

Selecting official submits first (and possibly alternate choice) to Human Resources

Human Resources (NOT Selecting Official) contacts selectee with job offer and salary

Specific time designated for response Many positions dependent upon Security Clearance Report date determined by agency

Tip: Do not quit your other job while waiting for a clearance. A Security Clearance can take a year (or more).

Page 58: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Agency’s Typical PathAgency’s Typical Pathto Federal Recruitmentto Federal Recruitment

Establishment of Appropriate Series for Job Analysis of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)

Required for Job Determination of Position Level and Salary Range Recruitment with Public Announcement of Position Screening of Applications Referral List to Selecting Official Interview Queries to References Selection Patience!

Page 59: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Applicant’s Road MapApplicant’s Road Mapto Federal Jobto Federal Job

Agency Job Announcements Eligibility for Position Qualifications for Targeted Position Winning Application and Resume Verifiable Education and Experience Successful Interview Positive References Job Offer Patience!

Page 60: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Agency Job AnnouncementsAgency Job Announcements

Check USAJOBS and agency Web sites Set up email alerts for new jobs Join professional organizations (at student rate, if

applicable) Join professional listservs (as allowed) Check campus bulletins Investigate intern programs Consider positions with contractors Network with other librarians

Page 61: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Eligibility for PositionEligibility for Position

Review complete announcement

Determine if Status, Public, Veteran, etc.

Consider mobility for a different location

Contact the Human Resource person listed if you have questions about your eligibility

Tip: When you are eligible, start applying. You should expect to apply for more than one job.

Page 62: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Qualifications for Targeted PositionQualifications for Targeted Position Complete your degree; relate your education and projects

to the qualifications Consider an internship or practicum for practical

experience in a library or information center Take additional training or attend seminars in your field

when possible Joint professional organizations and attend their programs Read current literature about librarianship Determine and explain which skills from your former

job(s) pertain to the library position; e.g., teaching, managing projects, writing, etc.

Be marketable

Page 63: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Winning Application and ResumeWinning Application and Resume Create an account on USAJOBS and build your resume.

Write information in advance and save separate text files according to required sections for future editing.

Check the word count before copying and pasting sections to your resume.

Include awards, certifications, and special skills that pertain to this career field.

Be specific about computer training, systems, and databases. (Do NOT use a generic statement, such as “Proficient in computer skills.”)

Page 64: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Required Personal InformationRequired Personal Information

Page 65: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Required Work ExperienceRequired Work Experience

Page 66: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Multiple Applications and ResumesMultiple Applications and Resumes Always update your information as appropriate and use

relevant details when creating a new resume.

Include ALL required information, e.g., dates, degrees, references, etc.

Save each resume according to the application you submitted.

Tip: Track your deadlines and allow lots of time to prepare an online application! Your time ends at midnight (Eastern) prior to the closing date.

Page 67: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

USAJOBS ResumeUSAJOBS Resume

Tip: Create a USAJOBS account & receive automated job alerts.

Page 68: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Create Resumes on SitesCreate Resumes on Siteswith Other Online Systems with Other Online Systems

Tip: Use your saved files to create new resumes.

Page 69: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship
Page 70: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Keyword SearchKeyword Search

Page 71: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Job Category SearchJob Category Search

Page 72: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Agency SearchAgency Search

Page 73: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Department/Agency NameDepartment/Agency Name

Page 74: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Check StatusCheck Status

Page 75: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Job SummaryJob Summary

Page 76: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Tabs for NavigationTabs for NavigationThrough AnnouncementThrough Announcement

Page 77: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Verifiable Education and Verifiable Education and ExperienceExperience

Proof of Education Required official transcript – sometimes as

attachment, mailed separately, or requested later Applicant’s responsibility Specific instructions on announcement

Tip: Do NOT send attachments unless they are specified. Announcement will specify if additional documentation should be submitted with the resume or if applicants will be contacted for additional documentation.

Page 78: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Successful InterviewSuccessful Interview

Prepare. Review your printed copy of the job announcement and your

submitted application. Write down building, room #, & time. Check directions to the location in advance. Be on time. Have the contact number with you in case of an emergency. Dress professionally. Relax! You are considered a highly qualified candidate. Send brief thank-you message - nice gesture & memorable.

Page 79: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Positive ReferencesPositive References

Notify your references in advance so that they will expect queries about you.

You may request that agencies should not notify your current employer unless you are a final candidate.

Page 80: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Job OfferJob Offer Call from agency’s HR office Job offer with salary and starting date Acceptance

Tip: If starting salary is lower than existing salary, you may request consideration of a higher step prior to acceptance. (Not guaranteed. Any variation requires justification and approval by agency.)

Permanent Change of Station (PCS) paid by new employee (unless advertised otherwise)

Position subject to probationary period (usually one year)

Page 81: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

Patience!Patience!

Don’t give up.Apply for more than one job.Process may take months.There are many opportunities for qualified

librarians.

Good luck with your job search!

Page 82: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

DisclaimerDisclaimer

This overview is only meant to provide a starting point for your job search. Since personnel systems vary by agency and are constantly changing, always read each job announcement carefully and print it for future reference. The information will not be available after the closing date. Call the Point of Contact listed on the job announcement if you have any questions about the application process.

Page 83: Careers in Federal Libraries - The Road to Federal Librarianship

The Road to Federal LibrarianshipThe Road to Federal Librarianship

Helen Q. Sherman

Director, User Services

Defense Technical Information Center

[email protected]