Young Adults with Hidden Disabilities and the Challenges They Face in Career Planning The Meaning and Importance of Personal Values in Determining Career Direction Rob Crawford & LDI student samples 2008

Presentation Disclaimer Crawford 2008

There is a dramatic employment and poverty gap between working-age people with disabilities and those without disabilities

• The Third Annual Disability Status Report reveals:

• • 38 % of people with disabilities are employed vs. 80 %of people without disabilities.

• • There are 22.3 million people with disabilities of working age (21-64), which is 13 percent of the total working-age population.

• The researchers also found that Americans with disabilities are more than twice as likely to live in poverty:

• • 25.4 % of working-age Americans with disabilities live in poverty compared with 9.5 % of those without disabilities.

• • People with disabilities constitute 28 % of the working-age American population living in poverty.

• Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (StatsRRTC), funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 2007.

Employer reported skills/qualities needed for successful employment: whats missing ?

• 86% - verbal communication skills

• 77% - interpersonal skills

• 62% - math skills

• 59% - written communication

• 52% - basic business skills

• 46% - financial accounting

• 43% - mechanical ability

• 41% - computer skills

• 18% - Internet knowledge

• 18% - science

Small business owners in the "Voices from Main Street: Assessing the State of Small Business Workforce Skills, American Express, 2001 Crawford 2008

Top Employer Concerns about Entry-Level Employees

• 59.1% of employers stated poor basic employability skills (attendance, timeliness, work ethic, etc.);

• 32.4% poor reading/writing skills;

• 26.2% inadequate math skills;

• 25.0% an inability to communicate;

• 23.7% poor English language skills;

• 22.1% an inability to read and translate drawings/diagrams/flow charts;

• 22.0% an inability to work in a team environment; and

• 12.3% poor computer/technical skills.

The National Association of Manufacturers 2001 members' survey asked employers about the most serious skill deficiencies of current hourly production employees .

Employment Statistics for Youth Out of School > 1 yr (NLTS2 Wave 3, 2005) Condition LD ED OHI Autism Employed 62% 42% 65% 37% Fired in last 2 yr 19% 30% 19% 21% Disclosed condition before hired 8% 15% 17% 54% Disclosed condition after hired 0% 2% 5% 9%

What does the research suggest is the impact to adults with hidden disabilities?

• Many lacked clear understanding of their disability and its impact on career choices and ability to perform a job (Hitchings and Retish 2000).

• Restricted early opportunities, dependence on family, and experiences of academic failure may lead to low self-esteem and limited self-knowledge (Michaels 1997).

• Type and severity of disability, amount of time spent on remediation, parental over protectiveness, and low expectations may limit opportunities for career exploration (Hitchings and Retish 2000).

• Adolescents with LD were more likely to limit their educational and occupational aspirations; aspirations for postsecondary education did not necessarily translate into comparable occupational aspirations (Rojewski 1996).

• Many youth with LD had unrealistic career ambitions or no ambitions. ( Kortering and Braziel 2000).

• Not all who were eligible were involved in comprehensive transition planning in high school (Hitchings and Retish 2000).

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What is the employment status of adults with ASD?

• Most adults with ASD report ongoing problems finding and maintaining jobs (Goode et al., 1994; Howlin, 2000; Lord & Venter, 1992; Nesbitt, 2000)

• Many continue to experience unemployment and underemployment as a result of their difficulties understanding and responding appropriately to the social demands of the workplace (Nesbitt, 2000).

• Only 6% of all people in the UK with an ASD have full-time paid employment, and only 12% of those with high-functioning autism or Aspergers syndrome had full-time jobs (Barnard et al, 2001) .

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Common barriers to success: Clinical/practitioner view

• Lack of social maturity

• Unaware of personal limitations

• Use of circular logic and rationalization

• Retreating when successful

• Difficulty with training because of inability to perform

• Inability to distinguish aspects of the job and environment that are controllable from those that are not

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Time & Place: Why executive functioning skills are important Crawford 2008

Psychological Factors for LD/ADHD

• Moody, quick tempered, easily frustrated

• Misunderstands facial expressions

• Makes literal interpretations of what is said

• Finds it difficult to sit down to read or write

• Takes too long to organize thoughts

• Feels/believes self to be lazy, stupid, humiliated by problems

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Psychological Factors for ASD

• Stress, frustration and anger reaction to change or interruptions

• Struggle to take initiative

• Higher anxiety levels particularly when meeting new people or encountering change or new situations

• Abrupt manner in expressing thoughts, ideas, or opinions

• Single-mindedness, unwilling to see the viewpoint of others.

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Feeling Worthless: Perspective of the adult with the condition

• Having been fired from all your jobs

• Only being able to obtain entry level jobs

• Inability to mix well with people on the job

• Disclosure of disability not received well

• Job interviewing skills are poor due to nervousness and impulsive responses

• Difficulty maintaining focus on the job thus forgetting things frequently

• Often disorganized not being able to find things quickly and observed as a poor performer.

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What it feels like to live with a hidden disability Crawford 2008

Career planning: More than just getting a job

• The interrelationship of personal and career problems becomes more apparent in the lives of adults (with hidden disabilities) as they:

• • Experience changes in work environments

• • Difficulties associated with other life roles

• • Work maladjustment

• • Career transitions

• • Changing work requirements

• • Concerns of older adults

• • Changing values and interests (Super, 1993)

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Jumping and Leaping

• Impulsive job acceptance

• Training in career that is not suited to skills

• Belief that the ADA will protect you

• The environment doesnt matter so long as the boss is understanding

• I have medication now it will take care of everything

• The last job was just my boss, things will be different in the next job no matter what

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Job Misery Epidemic

• 77% of Americans hate their jobs

• 87% dont like their jobs

• The majority show up, but focus on where their next job will be

• (Gallup, 2005)

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Cost of Job Misery

• Increased absenteeism and employee turnover

• Loss of creativity and productivity

• American employers had over $360 BILLION dollars each year in lost productivity

• (Forbes, 2005)

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A miserable job is not the same as a bad one

• A bad job lies in the eye of the beholder

• A miserable job makes a person cynical, frustrated & demoralized

• It drains the enthusiasm, energy and self-esteem

• Miserable jobs are found at all levels and fields of employment

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What exactly is being in a miserable job mean to you?

• Being in a job thats not what you expected, boring, and repressive.

• Anything similar to the movie Office Space such as cubical work.

• Being stuck in a routine where I am feeling unchallenged. If I feel unchallenged or unappreciated, I am going to get depressed pretty quickly.

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Prairie dog culture in Cube City Crawford 2008

#1 reported factor influencing job satisfaction is?

• Compensation

• Prestige/personal accomplishment

• Work-life balance

• Working conditions

• Relationship with boss

• (Ken Blanchard, 2005)

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What do you want your manager to know about you, your personal dreams, and interests ?

• I am eager and willing to learn new things. I lack patience, but more than make up for that in persistence. I will get a job done no matter what the task, and I work the hardest on things I find interesting and enjoy.

• I would like my manager to be appreciative towards my individual needs as an employee. It would be nice if we were friends, but as long as that respect aspect is there, anything else that comes from the relationship with them would be a bonus.

• That would depend if the manger was related to helping me on my main career and if not; I dont see the point unless I develop a friendship with them.

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The 3 signs of being in a miserable job (Patrick Lencioni, 2007)

• Symptoms

• Anonymity

• Irrelevance

• Immeasurement

• Remedies

• Mentoring manager

• Personal impact of work performance

• Developing meaningful contribution/success metrics

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How does your job make a difference in the lives of others such as customers, coworkers, and the boss?

• It can cause either relief or stress, but it all depends on the personality of the person it being at that time.

• I like to find the best appropriate piece of equipment for each customer that comes in there. I like to think when I am on the sales floor, my boss doesnt have to worry about anything going wrong that day. He has told me that I am one of the four people they are strongly counting on for our department to perform on a consistent basis every day, so it is nice to see that they appreciate me there.

• If I had a job as Vet Tech, Id make a difference in the customers by providing optimal health procedures for the patients, co-workers by making it easier for them to work with my assistance, and boss by being cooperative and willing to take on tasks assigned to me.

What are some specific ways you could be able to tell if you are doing your job?

• By the time it takes to get the job done and by the amount of corrections the supervisor has to make.

• We have set quotas we have to meet. I know if I am meeting my quotas, I am doing an adequate job. The other way to tell is by the percentage of returns a salesman gets. We have a salesman that is really good at selling people on things, but the majority of his sales come back and hurt him later. My products usually stay sold, which is a good sign that customers get along with me and appreciate my style.

• If it was a matter of motivation, then I would find the job easier and if it wasnt there, I wouldnt know why I asked for the job.

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If the 3 signs of a miserable job are so obvious, why dont managers do something about it?

• They are under so much stress from the company they work for that it rubs off on the people below them.

• Because managers need someone to do the job, even if it is a miserable one. Its not their position to make your life better, its your own.

• Usually managers have so much on their plate from the corporate side and thats where the majority of the pressure comes from, so they are less inclined to fix something until it figures into the bottom line and they get issues about the problems from higher up above.

Perils of having a receptive language processing disorder Crawford 2008

Defining the meaning, nature and importance of work

• I want to find a career where I feel as though I make a difference in the lives around me and enjoy doing that job to the extent that work can be considered fun. If I take pleasure in my work, I can take pleasure in life more as well. My attitude will improve, I will have higher self-esteem, and I will be able to find compassion for others.

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Will you find meaning with work, through work, or in spite of work?

• For me, work is a necessary evil that I have to do in order to make money and come to terms with a world that I struggle with every day to comprehend and assess rationally. The only meaning I want to get from work is finding a career path and a job that eventually pays me handsomely and challenges me to the point of happiness

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Will you find meaning with work, through work, or in spite of work?

• I will find meaning in life through work. A career or job should not just be something you do to make money; a job should help you gain experience about the world around you, help you make friends, better decisions, and give your life a more satisfying edge. You should be able to go home each day and say to yourself, Today I made a difference. be that difference big or small, if we feel as though we made no impact at all, we begin to feel worthless and unimportant. Our meaning in life should come in part from our career.

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The Decision Problem Crawford 2008 Decision Problem What do I need to do to start myself off on the path of becoming successful in the field of animal services? Assumptions I will enjoy working with animals I can handle the stress I want to be a vet tech Triggers How do I choose a career? Will I be satisfied with my choice? Will I burn out from the stress? How will I support myself? Connections Choose a career that involves animals The stress will keep me on my toes I can make a decent salary as a VT

Will you find meaning with work, through work, or in spite of work?

• I do not want my career to be my whole life. Although it is my goal to love what I do, there should be other aspects to life. The key is to find the balance between work and leisure. My goal is to find a career where I can fuel my creativity however I dont require my friends to be creative or artistic. In fact, I prefer them to have different interests. In this way. We are learning different things from each other.

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Decision Problem Crawford 2008 Decision Problems What steps do I need to take to see if a career in film is right for me? Triggers I know a lot about editing and filming I know people that work in the industry My parents are supportive of me Assumptions I will have to go to film school I will have to start as a gopher It may take a long time to find a job Connections I will need to live in LA I need a fall back plan The income will be small at first

Identifying Objectives as much art as science

• Write down everything you hope to look for or accomplish through your decision

• • Make a wish list

• • What do you want to avoid?

• • Impact on others in your life

• • Talk to others in similar situations

• • Develop idealistic alternatives

• • Look at the worst outcomes

• • How would you justify it?

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Robs class requires a lonnng sequence of steps Crawford 2008

What Matters Most?

• Being happy

• Being in a stable environment

• Having the means to support myself financially

• Going to college and getting a degree

• Effectively balance life and work

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What is Being Happy?

• Have a career I enjoy

• Be with people I enjoy

• Be in an environment I feel comfortable in

• Make enough money to get by, possibly with more left over

• Do something I feel I make a difference by doing

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Wants and Needs of Being Happy

• Wants

• • Having more than enough money to support myself and family and live comfortably

• • Having enough time to do what I want when I want

• • Success

• • Going on vacations

• Needs

• • Having friends

• • Having enough money to pay my bills

• • Having the time to do what I need to do

• • Taking breaks once in a while

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Best and worst case scenarios of Being Happy

• Best Case

• • Enormously fulfilled by my chosen career

• • Make enough money to live comfortably

• • Make a large impact in the lives of others

• • Surrounded by people I work well with and care for.

• Worst Case

• • Chose a career that I dont enjoy

• • Not make enough money to even pay bills

• • Not feel like I make any sort of impact

• • Feel unsatisfied with my life

• • Surrounded by people who either dont care about me or dislike me

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My Objectives:

• Family: Make the people who believe in me proud

• Personal: Stand on my own two feet and make my mark

• Day to Day: Workplace that provides new challenges

• Extra Curricular: Job that allows me to travel and see new parts of the world

• Financial: Enough incoming money to substantially support myself and a family

• Long Term: Continually grow no matter how successful or unsuccessful I am in the workplace

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Objective #1: Family Pride

• -Make my mother and various family members proud of me in a business sense as well as a personal sense.

• -Be able to stand on my own two feet and leave something of definite value behind.

• -Enhance the McDonald family name and reputation with more people.

• -Owe no individual a large amount of money. Never let anyone else break me financially.

• -Committing to something and putting more then just the first couple of initial non-committal steps towards it.

• -Be able to spend more time in Australia with my extended family.

Crawford 2008

Objective #1: Family Pride:

• Wants:

• -Stand on my own two feet and not be financially dependant on others.

• -Pay back money owed to my mother ($17,000)

• -Start being consistent in terms of a career and not being so non committal.

• -Be able to spend more time in Australia in future.

• Needs:

• -Adapt towards paying more and more bills myself.

• -Show signs of positive development and chip away at money owed without any more loans.

• -Narrow down choices on careers I enjoy doing.

• -Find a career that is easily adaptable internationally.

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Objective #3: To be mentally challenged

• Look at each assignment as a learning experience and not beneath me

• Dont get frustrated when I dont get it right away just keep on doing it till I do

• Except as much advise and training as I can get

• Keep with it

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Objective #3 Wants & Needs

• Wants

• To exceed my expectations in what I can do in the career I choose

• To reach new heights in that career

• Needs

• To work the hardest I can work

• To feel a sense of self accomplishment

• To do the very best I can and learn the most I can each day

Crawford 2008

Anticipating consequences

• Major point:

• Be sure to understand the consequences of your alternatives before you make a choice

Crawford 2008

I hope they like my beach day costume Crawford 2008

Career-related stress conditions

• Conditions of work: Unpleasant work environment, necessity to work fast, excessive and inconvenient hours

• 2. Work itself: Perception of job as uninteresting, repetitious, overloaded, and

• demanding.

• Shift work: Rotating shifts affecting bodily functions and role behaviors

• Supervision: Unclear job demands, close supervision with no autonomy, scant feedback from supervisors

• Wage and promotion: Inadequate income

• Role ambiguity: Lack of clarity about one's job and scope of responsibilities

• 7. Career development stressors: Little job security, impending obsolescence,

• dissatisfaction over career aspirations and current level of attainment

• Group stressors: Insufficient group cohesiveness, poor group identity in the organization

• Organizational climate: Impersonally structured organizational policies

• 10. Organizational structure: Too bureaucratic or too autocratic

How long is this going to take?

• Culture of speed

• Quick fixes

• Maturity issues concerning recognition

• What commitment am I willing to make?

• • • Peter Block: The Answer to How is Yes

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Career Ladder SVP 5-6

• Animal Treatment Investigator

• • DOT: 379.263-010

• • SVP: 5

• Veterinary Technician

• • DOT: 079.361-014

• • SVP: 6

• Sales Representative, Veterinarian Supplies

• • DOT: 276.357-018

• • SVP: 6

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Career Ladder: Veterinary Technician DOT: 079.361-014 SVP: 6

• Outlook (Arizona Phoenix-Mesa Area)

• • Percent Growth (1998-2008): 49%

• • Base Year Employment (1998): 820

• • Projected Employment (2008): 990

• Wages

• • Arizona Phoenix-Mesa Area Median: $11.91/hr

• Employment By Industry

• • Veterinary Services: 41.5% growth

• • Education, Public and Private: 13.0% growth

• • Federal Government: -5.0% growth

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Job Requirements -Online Crawford 2008 Animal Kingdom Puppies N Love Animal Care Tech VCA Animal Hospital Vet Receptionist Arrow Service Group Hospitals Kennel Attendant Banfield Veterinary Assistant Tech Previous Experience required? Job experience or schooling is preferred but not required. Must be self motivated with the ability to work independently . Position named: Experienced Vet Receptionist, so some previous experience probably is required None None Qualifications needed Ability to lift 50 pounds * Bending and squatting MUST be able to work evenings, weekends and holidays with the longer shifts on Saturday Positive Attitude * Willingness to learn * Adaptability * Initiative High school diploma or GED. AD / BA preferred -Vet Tech license preferred -lift and/or move up to 50 pounds -comfortable around Pets Job training offered? Probably Possibly Yes Yes Testing on app? No Maybe Probably not No Work environment? Indoors, sometimes loud Fast paced, busy, fun Loud, smelly Loud, busy Salary Range $7.50 to $9.50/hour $8/hr 6.75/hour Unknown Benefits Offer health insurance and profit sharing 401K Retirement Plan, Health, Vision and Dental Insurance, Pet Benefits Unknown Discount on pet services, Health available Dress Code Company Shirt and own pants scrubs scrubs scrubs Work Shifts Full time, Part Time Full and Part Time Positions Tue, Thu, every otr Sat 10-3:30pm Third shift (Night)

How hard will this be?

• In career decision making

• At work.

• Personal costs

• What price am I willing to pay?

• • • Peter Block: The Answer to How is Yes

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Career Planning and Job Development Guidelines

• Essential functions of the job

• Assessment of skills, abilities, aptitudes, experience

• Assessment of interpersonal, communication skills

• Determination of organizational fit

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Building a consequence table

• Gather hard information (job descriptions)

• Use subjective judgments (fun place to work)

• Use numbers where appropriate (starting salary $10.00 per hour)

• Use graphics, diagrams, photos, symbols for emphasis and interest (suitcase icon for work travel requirements)

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Jobbing.com

• 1. The daily work schedule is M-F 7AM-Varies.

• 2. Everyone Supervises their own duties.

• 3. The General Manager has priority for requests.

• 4. The General Manager handles disciplinary issues.

• 5. Tasks are given verbally everyday from the Producer.

• 6. Tasks are given in writing to editors in a script form.

• 7. Creativity, outgoing, and knowledgeable are people skills needed for this position.

• 8. The company culture is a team environment.

• 9. Previous experienced required would be 2-3 years of experience, knowledge of software, and a reel. College is preferred.

• 10. The salary range is $27-40,000. Freelance work pays more.

• 11. They offer health, vision, and dental. They will pay for training, schooling, and car & gas.

• 12.Position requirements for performing tasks on your own is to know how to understand TV scripts.

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Jobbing.com Continued

• 13. The typical volume of work done daily is 3-4 shoots.

• 14. The physical demands of this job are moving equipment and stress.

• 15. This position has a lot of involvement with the care and maintenance of equipment.

• 16. Operating procedures are not usually changed but you learn by mistakes.

• 17. In order to maintain the position you must keep up to date with technology and software.

• 18. There is no higher position above this one.

• 19. There is no training to move up to a higher position

• 20. It is always appropriate to ask for help. With technical issues you should ask someone or look online.

• 21. You can always ask for help.

• 22. The company measures an employees performance by client feedback and projects being done in timely manners.

• 23. Employees are cross-trained by learning everything for every market in a 2 week period.

• 24. The best preparation for this occupation is experience

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Job Shadow Chart for Career in Sports Production Job Title Production Assistant NFL Network TV/Film Editor Fox Sports Storyboard Creator Fox Sports Grip 20 th Century Fox Producer 20 th Century Fox Salary 15-20hr, $20,000-50,000 50-95hr depending on experience $30,000-75,000 10-25hr Depending on difficulty of task $50,000-250,000 Depending on film, tv, music video Benefits Health, Vision, Dental 401K Health, Vision, Dental 401K Health, Vision, Dental 401K Health, Vision, Dental Health, Vision, Dental 401K Education Degree Not Required but Degree preferable Degree not required. Completion of Film School or Program Preferable Degree Preferable. Must have Art Portfolio Degree Not Required. Degree not required. Completion of Film School or Program Preferable Work Schedule Usually M-F. Filming may be on weekends Usually work a full day of shooting 10-14 hours 5-7 Days of the week Hours greatly vary 12,14,18 hour shifts, daytime, evening, graveyard M-F 9-6 Occasion weekends Usually M-F. Filming may be on weekends Usually work a full day of shooting 10-14 hours Anytime producer is needed to be on set or in the office Work Environment Lots of running around. Checking on Actors & Crew Long Hours. Can be strenuous Will Have to create lots of boards. May take a long time Must have physical strength. Be able to fix things or make quick solutions Overseeing crew, writing ideas, managing budget, rentals of equipment, hiring

Consequence Chart Crawford 2008 Objectives Jobbing.com Bryman Media Fox Sports Successful 2 3 1 College 3 2 1 Living 2 3 1 Happiness 2 3 1 Work Enviroment 1 3 2

School Tour of Phoenix College

• 20 Minutes, not very informative and didnt sell the school at all

• Nice campus

• Diverse population

• Offered services for people with disabilities and finding jobs

• Different buildings for different subjects

• Major of interest offered here (paralegal)

• Tuition: cheaper because it is a community college

• It seems as though students have to come in knowing what they want to take or major in

• Overall, not a place I would attend

Crawford 2008

How will I get my coworkers and boss to change for me?

• The wish to control

• Risks of focusing on others changing

• Risks of being too honest

• Giving advice where none is asked for

• What is my contribution to the problem I am concerned with?

• • Peter Block: The Answer to How is Yes

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Dealing with the D Word Crawford 2008

Functional Limitation: Self-direction

• The capacity to organize, structure and manage activities in a manner that best serves the objectives of the individual. Such functions include the abilities to organize, structure and plan appropriate approaches to achieve necessary tasks and to do problem solving. These executive functions are frequently seriously limited by ADHD-related deficits in cognition and reasoning.

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Sound like anyone you know? (Self-Direction)

• Lack of insight, i.e., inadequate awareness of strengths and weaknesses, an inability to monitor performance to detect if it is meeting the demands of the environment, and inability to adjust behaviors and activities if the current performance is not adequate.

• Limitations in self-direction are often evident in problems related to time management, such as underestimating the time (and energy) needed to complete work assignments, causing other responsibilities not to be addressed; missing or being late for appointments and meetings; and making decisions impulsively without considering previous plans or experiences.

• • TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CIRCULAR

• • RSA-TAC-05-01 January 10, 2005

Crawford 2008

Which candidate has AS/NVLD? Crawford 2008

Extenuating circumstances

• Testing for the job - needed accommodation

• Promotion

• Team-based assignments

• At the time of job offer and acceptance

• New assigned job tasks

• Transfer or relocation to new environment

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Individuals must educate the employer

• Ask the employer to discuss the duties (essential functions) of the job and/or to provide a copy of the job description

• Look at the essential functions

• Look at the job site

• Determine if an accommodation is needed and if it is reasonable

• Disclose only after this has been determined (unless there are extenuating circumstances)

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Risk vs. Reward Crawford 2008

Key Uncertainties Chart: Will my job make me happy overall? Crawford 2008 Outcomes I love my job all of the time I enjoy my job most or some of the time I do not enjoy my job at all Chances Not very likely Most likely Not very likely Consequences I dont have any problems with my employer and I get everything I want (e.g. benefits, vacation time, good salary, promotions) Some days and tasks are better than others, but overall I enjoy what I do and get the things that matter most to me I despise every aspect of what I am doing, get nothing I want, and dread having to show up every day

Achieving successful job placement

• (1) work personality and work environment should be amenable

• (2) individual needs are most important in determining an individual's fit into the work environment

• (3) individual needs and the reinforcer system that characterizes the work setting are important aspects of stability and tenure

• (4) job placement is best accomplished through a match of worker traits with the requirements of a work environment.

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We have to teach individuals to self-advocate in an appropriate manner

• The individual has to know how they learn and what their functional limitations (disabilities) are

• Know how to interview understanding that they may be asked to discuss their competencies

• Know if, when, and how to disclose and what accommodations they need

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I desire to create a world that will solve for others what I have struggled so much with myself [email_address] Crawford 2008