California: An OverviewKristina UnderwoodHistory 141

Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First People Esplandiá- Son of Amadias of Gaul,

siege of Constantinople Some of Esplandiá’s allies were

Califronians- black Amazons Californians authority figure-

Queen Calafia California thought to be an island

west of the Indies Calafia sailed to Constantinople to

help with the siege of Constantinople

Edward Everett Hale- a Boston antiquarian (1863) who figured “Califia” was the name behind “California”

1533- Hernán Cortés landed on what thought to be an island in the Pacific

1539- realized their mistake, and called Antigua (Old California)

Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First People California is to be said the result to

action between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates

The land piece was detached from southern Baja California and floated up north

Four intervals: Bay of San Diego, Monterey bay, San Francisco bay, Humboldt Bay formed 30,000 years ago from the collapse of mountains

41 mountains- Mount Whitney at the highest

California has dramatic landscape because of how it formed and the plates involved

Fault lines- San Andreas, Hayward, Garlock, San Jacinto, Nacimiento keeps California active

California ranges from cold weather (mountains) to unbearably hot weather (valleys)

Seasons: wet and dry

Chapter 1. Queen Calafia’s Island: Place and First People Humans were able to settle

where the current from the northwestern Pacific comes along with areas of high-pressure

Known as “island on the land” because of its borders consisting of mountains, deserts, and canyons

One third of all native Americans in the United States lived in California

California was very diverse with tribes and languages and no hierarchies

Diversity created myths, totems, taboos, rituals

Faced extinction with the new colonists

Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and Beyond Diverse California economy: agriculture,

industrial, entertainment, tourist, service The Depression came early 1930s Jobs requiring the use of ones hands was

popular and paid well 1859- first two labor Unions: Union Iron

Works of San Francisco, Trade Union Council

1860s in San Francisco- demand for organized labor and 8-hour days

1870s- nationwide depression, hurt San Francisco

Chinese came in June 1867 and became a threat for unemployed in the 1870s depression

Labor started up North with wheat ranches during harvest time

Hugh James Glenn- Wheat king, 55 thousand acres in Colusa County, harvesting half a million bushels of wheat

California agriculture- boomed with the help of irrigation and refrigerated railroad cars

Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and Beyond

1881- San Francisco Trades Assembly June 1884- Brunette Haskell, Internation

Workingmen’s Association Bombing in Haymarket Square, Chicago, May

4, 1886 during an 8-hour workday rally, eight anarchist leaders were convicted with no evidence

Andrew Furuseth- joined the Coast Seamen’s Union June 1885- combined it with the Steamship Sailors Union to created the Sailors Union of the Pacific

President Woodrow Wilson signed the Seamen’s Act in 1915

Alfred Fuhrman- created the Brewers and Malsters Union of the Pacific Coast members could then receive $17 for a six day week and allowed to live away from their place of work 1887 (didn’t receive it until 1900)

1893- depression struck the nation Strikes led by the Teamsters Union in 1901-

“General Strike” Union Labor Party of San Francisco put out the

next two mayors: Eugene Schmitz and Patrick Henry McCarthy, and then led to James Rolph Jr. as mayor

October 1, 1910- Los Angeles Times office was bombed by Ortie McManigal, James McNamara, and John McNamara

Chapter 8. Making it Happen: Labor Through the Great Depression and Beyond 1912- dock strike in San Diego by

Industrial Workers of the World wobblies

Many protests, strikes, and bombing followed Criminal Syndicalism Act 1919- organization advocating was seen as a felony

During the Great Depression, agricultural workers came from the mid-west to seek employment, dropping wages significantly CAWIU strikes in 1933 (largest was cotton pickers of San Joaquin Valley, became violent and known as the Sacramento Conspiracy Trial)

July 5, 1934- “Bloody Thursday”: San Francisco waterfront strike

Culbert Olson was elected for governor (1937) and freed Tom Mooney who was wrongly accused for the 1916 Preparedness Day bombing

Union Farm Workers led the huelga strike by César Chávez- boycott of table grapes grown in California

Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams 20th century brought film (mostly Southern

California), radio, television Painting became a form of expression and

had many styles at the end of the century Photography and architecture also improved West Coast jazz emerged through California

composers In the Sultan’s Power (1908) was first

complete film filmed in LA Directors started to come to California

because of the good weather and cultural areas

Cecil Blount DeMille became the “it” director of Hollywood after filming The Squaw Man

Hollywood was soon recognized as where the film industry was

United Artists studio (1919) was founded by David Wark Griffith (director), Mary Pickford (actress), Douglas Fairbanks (Mary’s husband), and Charlie Chaplin (comedian)

Film Studios 1920-1930s: Universal (1915), Fine Arts, Fox, Famous Players, Metro, Columbia (1922), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1924), RKO (1928), Warner Bros. (1929), Twentieth Century-Fox (1935), Paramount (1935)

Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams Sound was introduced in 1929 1930s- émigrés internationalized the film

industry Great writers emerged in 1930s, including:

Robinson Jeffers, John Steinbeck, William Saroyan, F. Scott Fitzgerald James M. Cain, Horace McCoy, William Faulkner

Some people were disappointed with Los Angeles such as writer Raymond Chandler, William Saroyan, and Joan Didion

1950s- The Beats movement: started with post-WWII writers, brought on sex, rebellion, and drugs

Poetic manifesto of the Beats- Allen Ginsberg’s Howl

Famous poets of California- William Everson and Gary Snyder

Painters were occupied with painting landscapes until “Society of Six” 1920s postimpressionism, bursts of vivid color

The Depression brought Social Realism Mexican muralists: José Clemente Orozco,

David Alfaro Siqueiros, Alfredo Ramos Martínez, and Diego Rivera

WWII brought abstract modernism, painters included: Clyfford Still, Ronald Bladen, Deward Cobett, and Richard Diebenkorn

Chapter 11. An Imagined Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams

“Group f/64” led by Edward Weston and Ansel Adams, campaign to reinstate photography

Dorothea Lange- shot the photograph Migrant Mother

Architecture- inspired by Arts and Crafts, shingle style

Architects included: Bernard Maybeck, Charles Sumner Greene, Henry Mather Greene

Modernism emerged pre-WWI Theater and music also surfaced 1923- Gaetano Merola established the opera

company in San Francisco Music in movies created employment

especially for Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg

Musicians tried to blend pop and modernism together

Outdoor activities also characterized California: boxing, swimming, tennis, baseball, football, track and field

1860- Olympic club founded by German immigrants

1907- surfing brought to California by George Freeth, became the icon of California lifestyle

1859- baseball introduced