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English English consonantsconsonants
Work in the same group
Scan chapters 4 & 6 again
Discuss the answers to the following questions
English English consonantsconsonants
Define the following terms:manners of articulation plosivesinitial, medial and final positions of a plosiveaspirationfortis vs lenisfricativesaffricateshomorganic
English English consonantsconsonants
What are the three properties used for describing a consonant?
How is a plosive produced?
What are the English plosives?
How does aspiration take place? And when?
What are the English fricatives?
What are the English affricates?
English English consonantsconsonants
Manners of articulation: the particular way the airstream is obstructed
Plosives
Affricates
Fricatives
Nasals
Approximants (central, lateral)
English English consonantsconsonants
Plosives: Oral stopsThe air is stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief period
Then it explodes with the release of the closure, producing loud-enough noise to be heard
English plosives: Bilabials: p, bp, bAlveolars: t, dt, dVelars: k, gk, g
English English consonantsconsonants
The articulation of a plosive:Closing phase (dynamic)
Occlusion / Compression phase (static)
Release phase (dynamic)
Oral release
Nasal release
Lateral release
English English consonantsconsonants
Bilabials: p, bp, b
English English consonantsconsonants
Alveolars: t, dt, d
English English consonantsconsonants
Velars: k, gk, g
English English consonantsconsonants
Positions of plosives:Initial – CV
Medial - VCV
Final - VC
English English consonantsconsonants
Initial – CVVoiced plosives: released with weak plosion
Voiceless plosives: released with audible plosion aspirationaspiration
English English consonantsconsonants
AspirationAspirationThe phenomenon in which a small “puff of air” escapes through the vocal folds after the release phase.
Transcribed as [ CChh ]
English English consonantsconsonants
AspirationAspiration
English English consonantsconsonants
Aspiration rule:Aspiration rule:Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur syllable initially before stressed vowels (in a stressed syllable).
/ CC /
Examples:pot spot repeat compasstop stop attack contourkid skid akin condemn
[ CChh ] / $ __ V [+stress]
[ CC ] / elsewhere[-voiced]
[+stop]
English English consonantsconsonants
Positions of plosives:Initial – CV: scarcely voiced
Medial - VCV
Final – VC: scarcely voiced
English English consonantsconsonants
Positions of plosives:Initial – CV
Medial - VCV
Final – VCmap, mat,
lab, lad, lag
lap lab
meat mead
English English consonantsconsonants
Fricatives:Consonants produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth, accompanied by a continuous audible noise (hissing sound)
Continuant consonants
f, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, hf, v, 8, 5, s, z, ~, 2, h
English English consonantsconsonants
Labiodentals: f, vf, v
English English consonantsconsonants
Inter-dentals: 8, 58, 5
English English consonantsconsonants
Alveolars: s, zs, z
English English consonantsconsonants
Alveo-palatals: ~, ~, 22
English English consonantsconsonants
Glottal: hhHas the quality of the vowel it precedes
Problems:
hj hj ( ( .. ) )
ww
English English consonantsconsonants
Affricates:Consonants produced when the air is built up by a complete closure of the oral tract and then released and continued like a fricativeThe plosive and the following fricative must be “homorganic” (made with the same articulators)Non-continuant consonants that show a slow release of the closure t~, d2t~, d2
English English consonantsconsonants
Alveo-palatals: t~, t~, d2d2
English English consonantsconsonants
Fortis consonantsFortis consonants
Produced with more force
Usually thought of as voiceless
p, t, k, s, f, ~, p, t, k, s, f, ~, t~t~
Lenis consonantsLenis consonants
Produced with less force
Usually thought of as voiced
b, d, g, v, z, 2, b, d, g, v, z, 2, d2d2
English English consonantsconsonants
Fortis consonantsFortis consonantsSyllable – final: shortening a preceding vowel or l, m, n, 7
mop mobrich ridge
Syllable – initial: devoicing a following approximant (l, r, w, j)
play laytray rayquick wick
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Alveolar plosivesAlveolar plosives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Dental fricativesDental fricatives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Bilabial plosivesBilabial plosives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Alveolar fricativesAlveolar fricatives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Affricates Affricates
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Labiodental fricativesLabiodental fricatives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Glottal fricativeGlottal fricative
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Velar plosivesVelar plosives
English consonantsEnglish consonantsConsolidationConsolidation
Alveo-palatal fricativesAlveo-palatal fricatives
Preparation for next Preparation for next classclassReview:
Plosives
Fricatives
Affricates
Aspiration
Shortening of vowels before a fortis consonant
Devoicing of approximants after a fortis consonant
Read Chapter 5
Chapter 7