Bsf01 Fundamentals And Applications Of Space Systems V1 2

Basics of Spaceflight

Aerospace Technology DepartmentHohenstaufenallee 6, 52064 Aachen, Germany

FH Aachen University of Applied SciencesWinter 2009 / 2010

v1.2

dachwald@fh‐aachen.de

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Bernd Dachwald

Fundamentals & Applications of Space Systems

FH Aachen / Winter 2009/10 / v1.2 2Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Bernd Dachwald Introduction to Space Systems

The Solar System – Space Mission TargetsOverview and Introduction The Solar System

http://homepages.wmich.edu/~korista/ss-images/planets_iau_big.jpg


• 04 Oct 1957 : Sputnik launched from Baikonur on a modified intercontinental rocket R‐7 (USSR)

• 01 Feb 1958: Explorer 1 launched from Cape Canaveral on a Jupiter‐C rocket (USA)

Sputnik (USSR)Launched 04 Oct 1957

R‐7 (USSR)William Pickering, James Van Allen, and Wernher von Braun with a model of Explorer 1

The Beginning of the Space AgeHistory of Spaceflight

Jupiter‐C (USA)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Explorer1_people.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/1/19/Explorer_I_launch._Jan._31,_1958.jpg


The Space Race Between the USA and the USSR

Sergej Koroljow1907 ‐ 1966

History of Spaceflight

Wernher von Braun1912 ‐ 1977

http://www.stern.de/standard/popup_neu.html?id=559479&bildint=0&img=/_content/55/94/559479/sergej_368.jpg&cred=Picture-Alliance&width=368&height=600&bgcol=#E7F5F5&nv=pp&navid=66


• 12 Apr 1961: First human spaceflight (Juri Gagarin, USSR)

• 05 May 1961: First American in space (Alan Shepard, USA)

• 18 Mar 1965: First EVA („spacewalk“, Alexander Leonow, Woschod 2, USSR)

• 19 Apr 1971: First Space Station(Salyut 1, USSR)

Gemini 6 during rendezvouzwith Gemini 7

Mercury capsule withlaunch escape tower

Juri Gagarin

1961‐1963

1965‐1966

The Early Days of Human SpaceflightHistory of Spaceflight

Salyut 1

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mercury_Capsule2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Mercury_patch.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Gemini6.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Gagarin_space_suite.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Salyut_1_diagram.png


The Exploration of the Solar System

• 04 Jan 1959: First lunar flyby (Lunik 1, USSR)

• 14 Dec 1962: First flyby of Venus (Mariner 2, USA)

• 15 Jul 1965: First flyby of Mars (Mariner 4, USA)

• 03 Feb 1966: First soft lunar landing (Luna 9, USSR)

• 15 Dec 1970: First landing on Venus (Venera 7, USSR)

• 30 May 1971: First orbiter around Mars (Mariner 9, USA)

• 03 Dec 1973: First flyby of Jupiter (Pioneer 10, USA)

• 29 Mar 1974: First flyby of Mercury (Mariner 10, USA)

• 20 Aug 1975: First landing on Mars (Viking 1, USA)

• 01 Sep 1979: First flyby of Saturn (Pioneer 11, USA)

• 24 Jan 1986: First flyby of Uranus (Voyager 2, USA)

• 14 Mar 1986: First flyby of a comet (Giotto, ESA)

• 25 Aug 1989: First flyby of Neptune (Voyager 2, USA)

• 29 Oct 1992: First flyby of an asteroid (Gaspra, Galileo, USA)

• 13 Jul 1995: First orbiter around Jupiter (Galileo, USA)

• 14 Feb 2000: First orbiter around an asteroid (NEAR, USA)

• 01 Jul 2004: First orbiter around Saturn (Cassini/Huygens, USA, ESA, ASI)

… to be continued



Apollo: The Race to the Moon

• 25 May 1961:John F. Kennedy: “I believe that this nationshould commit itself to achieving the goal,before this decade is out, of landing a man onthe moon and returning him safely to the earth.“

• 21 Jul 1969: Apollo 11, first human on a celestial body

• 14 Apr 1970: Apollo 13,farthest travel fromEarth, near catas‐trophic failure dueto explosion of anoxygen tank

• 14 Dec 1972: Apollo 17, last human on acelestial body


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Earth-Moon2.jpg


The Space Shuttle Program

• Officially, the Space Shuttleis called STS, SpaceTransportation System

• Oct 1969: PreliminaryStudies

• 05 Jan 1972: Formal launch of the program

• 17 Sep 1976: Roll‐out of the Enterprise• 12 Apr 1981: Maiden flight of Columbia

(STS‐1)• 28 Jan 1986: Challenger disaster• 29 Sep 1988: Return to flight• 01 Feb 2003: Columbia disaster• 26 Jul 2005: Return to flight• 2010: Last space shuttle flight (?)

The maiden flight of Space Shuttle Columbiaon 12 Apr 1981


http://www.answers.com/topic/shuttle-patch-png

http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg


• Early 1960s: Formation of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO)

• 06 Jun 1970: First successful launch of an ELDO rocket (Europa 1, the first launch on 30 Nov 1968 and the second launch failed)

• 1975: Establishment of the European Space Agency (ESA), merging ELDO and ESRO

• 24 Dec 1979: First launch of an Ariane 1

• 30 Oct 1997: First successful launch of an Ariane 5 (the first launch on 04 Jun 1996 failed)

Ariane 1 Ariane 5

Europa 1

Europe’s Way Into SpaceHistory of Spaceflight

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/ESA_LOGO.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Europa2vrp.jpg


Space Mission Elements

Space Segment

Launch Segment Ground SegmentGround Station Network

Control Center

PayloadOrbit

Spacecraft Bus

LauncherLaunch Site



Spacecraft Project Elements

Space Segment

Launch Segment

Ground Segment

Adapted from [Br02]



Spacecraft SubsystemsSpace Mission Elements

Adapted from [Br02]


Spacecraft SubsystemsSpace Mission Elements

Adapted from [Br02]


OverviewSpace System Applications and Design Examples


Disaster Mitigation

Tracking and forecasting of storm motion

Mapping of floods

Mapping of wildfires

using infrared sensors

Earth ObservationSpace System Applications and Design Examples


Energy Resource Management

Coastal wind mapping using radar satellites

Solar irradiance map



Conserving Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Radar instruments on board satellites such as ESA’s ERS‐2 and Envisat can

pierce through the near‐total cloud cover of the rainforest to identify illegal forest clearance or settlements, data that can be integrated with visible imagery from satellites and with ground observations

provided by organizations working in the area – before being supplied to local

authorities. Landsat time series images of large scale deforestation in the Amazon.Such images have raised global awareness of deforestation.

1975 1992

20022000



Climate ChangeEarth ObservationSpace System Applications and Design Examples


TerraSAR‐X

• Payload: high‐resolution radar• Orbit: Polar LEO (520 km altitude)• Mass: 1200 kg• Launch: 15 June 2007• Launcher: DNEPR‐1• Manufactured by EADS Astrium• Operated by GSOC• Nominal lifetime: 5 years• Will be complemented by a second

satellite, TanDEM‐X in December 2009• Together, they will generate high‐precision

elevation model of the Earth



Communication Satellites – EUTELSAT W5CommunicationSpace System Applications and Design Examples

• Largest field of application for commercial satellites

• Payload: 24 transponders• Geostationary orbit (35 786 km altitude)• Launch: 20 Nov 2002• Launcher: Delta IV Medium• Positioned by GSOC• Nominal lifetime: 12 years• Launch Mass: 3170 kg• On‐station mass: 1900 kg• Power consumption: 5900W


Navigation Satellite Systems

• GPS (USA)• GLONASS (Russia)• Galileo (Europe)

NavigationSpace System Applications and Design Examples


Rosetta / Philae (Overview)• First comet orbiter and lander

(67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko)• First solar‐powered deep space

probe• Mission: 2003 – 2015• Launcher: Ariane 5• Mission type: chemical (with

EMEE gravity assists)• Mass: 3065kg

– 1135 kg dry– 1719 kg propellant– 165 kg orbiter science payload– 108 kg lander

• Telemetry: 10 bit/s – 22 kbit/s• Power consumption: 400W at

the comet• Cost: 1000M€

Solar System ExplorationSpace System Applications and Design Examples


Rosetta / Philae (Science Objectives)

• Comets are the most primitive objects in the solar system and therefore hold many clues to its origin and evolution

• Characterization of the comet nucleus (determination of dynamic properties, surface morphology, and composition)

• Determination of the chemical, mineralogical, and isotopic composition of the comet nucleus

• Study of the development of cometary activity and the processes in the surface layer of the nucleus and the inner coma

Coma of comet Borelly

Coma of comet Wild 2

Nucleus of comet Borelly, as imaged by the Deep Space 1 spacecraft

Nucleus of comet Wild 2, as imaged by the Stardust spacecraft



Rosetta / Philae (Spacecraft Design Drivers)

• Reliability: 10 years of flight before reaching the target

• Electric power: from solar arrays at 0.9 AU < r < 5.7 AU(1680W/m2 > S > 43W/m2)– Thermal control !– Telecommunication !

• Autonomy: Round‐trip light time up to 90min

• Flying close to a small body (disturbances and risk of collision)– Navigation accuracy !– Autonomy !



Astronomy and Fundamental Physics Mission

LISAEurope, USA, Launch ≈2019, Earth‐trailing orbitMeasurement of gravitational waves

WMAPUSA, Launch 2001, L2Exact determination of the age and the topology, and the fabric of the universe

KeplerUSA, Launch 2009,Earth‐trailing orbit

The first mission that will be able to detect Earth‐

sized planets

Hubble Space TelescopeUSA, Europe, Launch 1990, LEOBrilliant pictures of the universe

Astronomy and Fundamental PhysicsSpace System Applications and Design Examples


Characteristics of Space Systems Development

• Broad range of requirements from different parties• Procurement in small numbers

→ uniqueness• Long development cycles (≈ 20 years for the ISS)

→ significant technology changes over the development life cycle

• Inability to perform in‐space repairs and upgrades → reliability and redundancy

• Co‐operation between many parties– persons– companies– agencies– countries

with different backgrounds and objectives

Space Mission Characteristics


General Requirements for Space SystemsSpace Mission Characteristics


References

[Ro08] Lucy Rogers:It’s ONLY Rocket Science. An Introduction in Plain English.Springer, 2008

[Sw08] Graham Swinerd:How Spacecraft Fly. Spaceflight Without Formulae.Springer, 2008

[Se05] Jerry Jon Sellers:Understanding Space. An Introduction to Astronautics.Third Edition. McGraw‐Hill, 2005

[Gr04] Michael D. Griffin, James D. French: Space Vehicle Design.Second Edition. AIAA Education Series, 2004

References

Business

Bsf01 Fundamentals And Applications Of Space Systems V1 2