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BRT Experiences and Challenges Juan Carlos Muñoz Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile July 12, 2013

BRT Workshop - Intro

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O Centro de Excelência em BRT Across Latitudes and Cultures (ALC-BRT CoE) promoveu o Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Workshop: Experiences and Challenges (Workshop BRT: Experiências e Desafios) dia 12/07/2013, no Rio de Janeiro. O curso foi organizado pela EMBARQ Brasil, com patrocínio da Fetranspor e da VREF (Volvo Research and Education Foundations).

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  • 1. BRT Experiences and Challenges Juan Carlos Muoz Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile July 12, 2013

2. About the BRT Centre of Excellence Headquarters: Department of Transport Engineering and Logistics at the Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile Instituto Superior Tcnico from the Lisbon Technical University Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies from the University of Sydney Massachusetts Institute of Technology EMBARQ Network from The World Resources Institute Centre for Sustainable Transport Other researchers as Orlando Strambi / Eduardo Vasconcellos 3. Our Vision BRT systems are a feasible instrument to make metropolitan areas more sustainable from the economic, financial, social, political, technical and environmental perspectives, making them more attractive places to live, work and visit. We are not a BRT Advocacy agency. Instead, we provide clear guidelines on when and how BRT projects can effectively enhance mobility and meet accessibility needs. 4. Our Main Objective Develop a new framework for the planning, design, financing, implementation and operation of BRT. 5. A BRT Observatory: gather, interpret and present BRT data. Major Outcomes 6. BRT Observatory 7. A BRT Observatory: A BRT Laboratory: gather, interpret and present BRT data. develop in-depth understanding of the factors and relations underlying system performance, developing or improving analytical methods and their supporting instruments. Major Outcomes 8. BRT Laboratory LS1) Structured assessment of BRT performance LS2) Exploring the complexity of policy design LS3) From vision to promise to delivery LT2) Typology and analysis of business plans, contracts and incentives for BRT and urban mobility systems. LT3) Determine key elements of higher satisfaction for users and authorities LT5) Modeling reliability, cost, travel times, safety, comfort and other relevant variables of modal choice LO1) Explore innovative ways to manage and control BRT services O5) Create and provide a benchmark report O6) Start case studies. 9. A BRT Observatory: A BRT Laboratory: A BRT Educational program: gather, interpret and present BRT data. develop in-depth understanding of the factors and relations underlying system performance, developing or improving analytical methods and their supporting instruments. deploy the knowledge gained supporting teaching, education and training for regular and long-life learning. Major Outcomes 10. Educational Program 13th International Conf Series on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport Oxford, UK September 15 to 19, 2013. 14th International Conf Series on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport Santiago, Chile September, 2015. International Workshop in Urban Transport Sustainability Santiago, September 2-4, 2013 http://iwuts.cedeus.cl/ 11. Educational Program MONTHLY WEBINAR, NEXT (nineth): EMBARQ Brasil and Rio: a partnership to implement a BRT network for the Olympics 2016 Prof. Luis Antonio Lindau, the President Director of EMBARQ Brasil Friday, July 26th, 2013 at 1200 Brazil time Register with [email protected] Several International Training Programs: September 2012, Barcelona, Spain November 2012, Pereira, Colombia February 2013, Gothemburg, Sweden July 2013, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil September 2013, Oxford, UK 12. A BRT Observatory: A BRT Laboratory: A BRT Educational program: Support Implementation: gather, interpret and present BRT data. develop in-depth understanding of the factors and relations underlying system performance, developing or improving analytical methods and their supporting instruments. deploy the knowledge gained supporting teaching, education and training for regular and long-life learning. Support one or more cities willing to start a transformation of their public transport system. Major Outcomes 13. Support implementation Strategic alliance with the Latin-American Association of Integrated Transit Systems and BRT (SIBRT) 14. Outline Today Introduction to BRT Systems History and current state of the BRT industry Integrating safety into BRT planning and operations The Customer Experience Fare collection in the broader payments environment Near-Capacity Operations Regulatory and contractual aspects 15. Motivation: Efficiency in the use of road space www.BRT.cl 16. What can we say about bus service? Bus is critical to provide a good door-to-door transit alternative for many journeys: Much higher network density and coverage than rail Greater flexibility in network structure Low marginal cost for service expansion BUT as traditionally operated, it also has serious limitations: Low-speed Subject to traffic congestion Unreliable Harder to convey network to the public Negative public image 17. What can we say about the user? Perceives waiting time and walking time twice as important as travel time inside the vehicle. Avoids transferring, specially if they are uncomfortable Needs a reliable experience Requests a minimum comfort experience Requests information Needs to feel safe and secure 18. What are the bottlenecks? Capacity per lane: Only a fool breaks the two second rule => 1,800 veq/hr-lane 1 Bus 2 veq => 900 buses/hr-lane Capacity per lane at junctions: 40 60 % of lane capacity => 450 buses/hr-lane Capacity at Bus Stops: Depends on the amount of passengers boarding and alighting 20 - 40 sec. per bay => 180 90 buses/hr-bay 19. This feeds this vicious cycle Operation cost grows Income and Population grows More cars in the city Bus Demand drops Car becomes more attractive Bus frequency drops Buses cover fewer miles per day Bus fare increases And we need to make buses attractive to car drivers More congestion And delays 20. However, this doesnt affect Metro as much 21. Can we provide Metro-like service with buses? Fast Low wait time Comfortable Reliable Good information Branding 22. Can we provide Metro-like service with buses? Transit Leaders Roundtable MIT, June 2011 Fast Low wait time Comfortable Reliable Good information Branding 23. Yes we can We still believe (several pieces are already there in cities worldwide) Can we provide Metro-like service with buses? The good news are: COURAGE WILL BE REWARDED 24. IMPROVED EFFICIENCY IMPROVED SERVICE QUALITY Reduced bus costs Less buses required Lower cost per km Improved bus productivity More pax/bus-day Attracts more passegers Improves revenue IMPROVED FINANCIAL VIABILITY Better buses More investment into new buses & cleaner technology Lower Subsidies Reduced private car use & traffic congestion Improved energy efficiency Reduced emissions Operational benefits Shorter cycle time Reliable operations Higher productivity Increase Bus speed, Frequency, Capacity and Reliability Passenger benefits Reduced travel time Reduced waiting time Higher comfort Reliability Source: Frits Olyslagers, May 2011 25. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions ComfortLow waits Main drivers Increase Speed Regular Headways Increase Capacity Increase Frequency (in the afternoon, be patient) 26. BRT Experiences and Challenges Juan Carlos Muoz Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile July 12, 2013 27. Future of BRT: Flexible Capacity Operations Juan Carlos Muoz and Ricardo Giesen Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile July 12, 2013 28. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions ComfortLow waits Main drivers Increase Speed Regular Headways Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes 29. Segregated ways/lanes Low Flow: Intermittent Bus Lanes Medium Flow: Bus-Only lanes High Flow and Limited Capacity: Only bus street 30. J. M. Viegas Low Flow: Intermittent Bus Lane (IBL) 31. Demonstration in Lisbon Implementation: Technical Components Installation of the Loop Detectors IBL local controller Static signalization (advance notice) Variable message longitudinal LEDs Vertical variable message signal 32. Ricardo Giesen 33. Without IBL vs. with IBL (51 sec) Demonstration 34. Only Bus Lanes BUS ONLY Setback! R. Fernndez 35. Partial closure of streets for cars, but not for buses Closed Junction (Brussels)Closed lane (Zurich) P. Furth 36. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions Comfort Increase Speed Regular Headways Main drivers Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes Reduce dwell times Fare payment off-bus Buses with multiple doors Low waits 37. Guayaquil, Ecuador 38. Level bording in Quito, Ecuador 39. Guayaquil, Ecuador 40. TransMilenio, Bogota, Colombia 41. TransMilenio 42. Istanbul BRT 43. Istanbul BRT 44. Divided Bus Stops Bus only street? Weaving distance: 3-4 bus R. Fernndez 45. Platform 2 Platform 1 Stop area 2 Stop area 1 Divided bus stop Divided rail station Platform 2 Platform 1 R. Fernndez Divided Bus Stops 46. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions Comfort Increase Speed Regular Headways Main drivers Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes Reduce dwell times Fare payment off-bus Buses with multiple doors Increase distance between stations Low waits 47. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions ComfortLow waits Increase Speed Regular Headways Main drivers Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes Reduce dwell times Fare payment off-bus Buses with multiple doors Increase distance between stations Express services 48. Choosing the Right Express Services for a Bus Corridor with Capacity Constraints Homero Larrain, Ricardo Giesen and Juan Carlos Muoz Department of Transport Engineering and Logistics Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile 49. Introduction Operacin Carretera Operacin Expresa Higher in-vehicle travel time Lower in-vehicle travel time No transfers May force some transfers Higher operation costs, in terms of $/Km Lower operation costs, in terms of $/Km Other aspects: capacity, comfort, accessibility, etc. Limited stop servicesAll stop services *Jointly operated with all stop services, assuming a constant fleet size. * 50. Objective Formulate a model that allows to choose which combination of services to provide on a corridor, and their optimal frequencies. Determine opportunities for express services (or limited stop) on a corridor based on its demand characteristics. 51. The Problem p1 p2 pi pn 52. The Problem Different operation schemes. p1 p2 pi pn l1, f1 l2, f2 l3, f3 l4, f4 The goal is to find which services to offer, and their optimal frequencies. li: Line i fi: frequency of line i 53. The Model The goal of this model is to find the set of services that minimize social costs: Operator costs: will depend on what services are provided, and their frequencies. User costs: In-vehicle travel time. Wait time. Transfers. 54. The Model: Assumptions Given transit corridor, with a given set of stops. Fares are constant for a full trip. Number of trips between stops is known for a certain time frame. Random arrival of passengers at constant average rate. Passengers minimize their expected travel times. 55. The Experiment Steps: Defining network topology. Defining demand profiles. Load profile shape. Demand scale. Demand unbalance. Average trip length. Build scenarios and construct an O/D matrix for each one. Optimize scenarios defining the optimal set of lines for each one. 56. Express Services: Main Conclusions Allow increasing the capacity of the system Significantly reduces social costs Few services bring most of the benefits Limited stop services are more promising in these situations: The longer the average trip length High demand High stop density Demand is mostly concentrated into a few O/D pairs 57. Fast Reliable Metro Attributes Actions ComfortLow waits Increase Speed Regular Headways Main drivers Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes and priority at junctions Reduce dwell times Fare payment off-bus Buses with multiple doors Increase distance between stations Express services Traffic signal priority and priority at intersectons 58. Anticipated Green Light for Buses R. Fernndez 59. Move pedestrian crossing Do not block Protection of Buses on Right Turns P. Furth 60. Move pedestrian crossing Do not block Exclusive phase for pedestrian P. Furth Protection of Buses on Right Turns 61. Metro Attributes Actions Increase Speed Regular Headways Main drivers Increase Capacity Increase Frequency Segregated ways/lanes Reduce dwell times Fare payment off-bus Buses with multiple doors Increase distance between stations Express services Traffic signal priority and priority at intersectons Improved headway control Fast ComfortLow waits Reliable 62. Santiago, Chile 63. Time-space trajectories Line 201, March 25th, 2009 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 Tiempo (minutos) Posicin(Km.) 6:30 AM 8:30 AM 64. Boston, MA; line 1 during winter 65. Boston, MA; line 1 during summer 66. Is keeping regular headways that difficult? Transit Leaders Roundtable MIT, June 2011 67. Ricardo Giesen Bus Bus Stop Stop Waiting Passengers Waiting Passengers Bus Operations without Control 68. Ricardo Giesen BusBusStop Stop a small perturbation Waiting Passengers Waiting Passengers Bus Operations without Control 69. Ricardo Giesen Bus Bus Stop Stop While one bus is still loading passengers the other bus already left its last stop Bus Operations without Control 70. Ricardo Giesen Bus BusStop Stop Bus Operations without Control 71. Ricardo Giesen Bus Bus Stop Stop Without bus control, bus bunching occurs!!! Bus Operations without Control 72. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 73. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 74. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 75. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 76. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 77. Stable versus unstable equilibrium 78. + - + - + - + 79. + - + - + - + 80. + - + - + - + 81. + - + - + - + And so on so forth. Our challenge is to keep an inherently unstable system: buses evenly spaced Now, if we want to prevent bunching from occurring when is the right time to intervene? 82. Bus bunching is specially serious, where bus capacity is an active constraint. 83. Bus bunching Severe problem if not controlled Most passengers wait longer than they should for crowded buses Reduces reliability affecting passengers and operators Affects Cycle time and capacity Creates frictions between buses (safety) Put pressure in the authority for more buses Contribution: Control Mechanism to Avoid Bus Bunching based on real-time GPS data 84. 2. Research Propose a headway control mechanism for a high frequency & capacity- constrained corridor. Consider a single control strategies: Holding Based on real-time information (or estimations) about Bus position, Bus loads and # of Passengers waiting at each stop We run a rolling-horizon optimization model each time a bus reaches a stop or every certain amount of time (e.g. 2 minutes) The model minimizes: Time waiting for first bus + time waiting for subsequent buses + time held 85. No control Spontaneous evolution of the system. Buses dispatched from terminal as soon as they arrive or until the design headway is reached. No other control action is taken along the route. Threshold control Myopic rule of regularization of headways between buses at every stop. A bus can be held at every stop to reach a minimum headway with the previous bus. Holding (HRT) Solve the rolling horizon optimization model not including green extension or boarding limits. Estrategias de control simuladas 4. Experiment: Control strategies 86. 5. Results: Simulation Animation Simulation includes events randomness 2 hours of bus operation. 15 minutes warm-up period. 87. No HRT control Wfirst 4552.10 805.33 Std. Dev. 459.78 187.28 % reduction -82.31 Wextra 1107.37 97.49 Std. Dev. 577.01 122.59 % reduction -91.20 Win-veh 270.57 1649.28 Std. Dev. 36.00 129.56 % reduction 509.57 Tot 5930.03 2552.10 Std. Dev. 863.80 390.01 % reduction -56.96 Results: Time savings 88. Results: Time-space trajectories 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 s2 NETS sc corrida17 Distance(Km) Time(minutes) HRT 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Scenario 1 threshold run17 Distance(Km) Time(minutes) No Control This impacts comfort, reliability for users and for operators 89. Results: Bus Loads 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Scenario 1 HBLRT alpha=05 Beta=05 Load(Pax.) Stop HRT 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Scenario 1 HBLRT alpha=05 Beta=05 Load(Pax.) Stop No Control 90. Results: Cycle Time 25 30 35 40 45 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 mean =33.64 Std.Dev. =3.51 No control Frequency Cycle Time (Minutes) 25 30 35 40 45 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 mean =32.11 Std.Dev. =1.2 HRT 05 Frequency Cycle Time (Minutes) HRTNo Control 91. 5. Results: Waiting time Distribution % of passengers that have to wait between: Period 15-25 Period 25-120 0-2 min 2-4 min > 4 min 0-2 min 2-4 min > 4 min No Control 57.76 29.60 12.64 63.46 27.68 8.86 HRT 79.24 20.29 0.47 87.30 12.62 0.08 92. Disobeying Drivers Similar disobedience across all drivers A subset of drivers never obey Technological Disruption Random signal fail Failure in the signal receptor equipment Signal-less zone Homogeneous distribution across buses Concentration in certain buses Concentration in certain stops 6. Impact of implementation failures 93. Impact of implementation failures 94. Common disobedience rate across drivers 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100% TotalWaitingTime[Min] Obedience rate HRT, Beta=0,5 Sin Control 95. Full disobedience of a set of drivers 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TotalWaitingTime[Min] Deaf Buses from a total of 15 buses 96. Implementation The tool has been tested through two pilot plans in buses of line 210 of SuBus from Transantiago (Santiago, Chile) along its full path from 7:00 to 9:30 AM. We chose 24 out of 130 stops to hold buses One person in each of these 24 stops received text messages (from a central computer) into their cell phones indicating when each bus should depart from the stop. 97. Plan Description 98. Implementation Real time GPS information of each bus Program optimizing dispatch times for each bus from each stop Text messages were sent automatically to each person in each of the 24 stops Buses are held according to the text message instructions (never more than one minute) 99. Control Points 100. The results were very promising even though the conditions were far from ideal 101. Main results Transantiago computes an indicator for regularity based on intervals exceeding twice the expected headway (and for how much). $ 10,000 $ 20,000 $ 30,000 $ 40,000 $ 50,000 $ 60,000 $ 70,000 $ 80,000 $ 90,000 $ 100,000 $ 110,000 Multas($CLP) 102. Main results: cycle times 2:24:00 AM 2:31:12 AM 2:38:24 AM 2:45:36 AM 2:52:48 AM 3:00:00 AM 3:07:12 AM 3:14:24 AM 3:21:36 AM 3:28:48 AM 3:36:00 AM 5:52:48 AM6:00:00 AM6:07:12 AM6:14:24 AM6:21:36 AM6:28:48 AM6:36:00 AM6:43:12 AM6:50:24 AM6:57:36 AM Cycletime Dispatch time Piloto 1 Prueba10 Prueba12 Prueba13 Prueba15 Prueba16 Prueba17 No significant differences for cycle times 103. Line 210 captured an extra 20% demand! 94,000 96,000 98,000 100,000 102,000 104,000 106,000 7,400 7,600 7,800 8,000 8,200 8,400 8,600 8,800 Demand for Line 210 (pax) Demand on All lines (pax) Unexpected result 104. 8. Conclusions Developed a tool for headway control using Holding in real time reaching simulation-based time savings of 60% Huge improvements in comfort and reliability The tool is fast enough for real time applications. Two pilot plans have shown significant improvements in headway regularity. During 2013 we will build a prototype to communicate directly to each driver. 105. Publications and working papers Delgado, F., Muoz, J.C., Giesen, R., Cipriano, A. (2009) Real-Time Control of Buses in a Transit Corridor Based on Vehicle Holding and Boarding Limits. Transportation Research Record, Vol 2090, 55-67 Munoz, J.C. and Giesen, R. (2010). Optimization of Public Transportation Systems. Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, Vol 6, 3886-3896. Delgado, F., J.C. Muoz and R. Giesen (2012) How much can holding and limiting boarding improve transit performance? Trans Res Part B, , vol.46 (9), 1202-1217 Muoz, J.C., C. Corts, F. Delgado, F. Valencia, R. Giesen, D. Sez and A. Cipriano (2013) Comparison of dynamic control strategies for transit operations. Trans Res Part C. Hernndez, D., J.C. Muoz, R. Giesen, F. Delgado (2013) Holding strategy in a multiple bus service corridor. Accepted at TRISTAN conference. Phillips, W., J.C. Muoz, F. Delgado, R. Giesen (2013) Limitations in the implementation of real-time information control strategies preventing bus bunching. Accepted at WCTR conference 106. Other activities Three chilean operators will test our tool this year Raised interest from operators in Cali and Istanbul A research and development team is consolidating Pedagogic tool to teach bus headway control 107. Minimizing Bus Bunching A strategy that cuts wait times, improve comfort and brings reliability to bus services Juan Carlos Muoz Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Department of Transport Engineering and Logistics Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile 108. Future of BRT: Flexible Capacity Operations Juan Carlos Muoz and Ricardo Giesen Bus Rapid Transit Centre of Excellence Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile July 12, 2013