Bioinformatioc: Information Retrieval

not a biomedical expert...

Bioinformatics in Public HealthBioinformatics in Public Health

Information Retrieval

Rupak ChakravartyRupak ChakravartyDepartment of Library & Information SciencePanjab University, [email protected], [email protected], 0172-2700459


Data, information, knowledge and wisdom.Value of informationRole of informationInformation RetrievalChallengesInformation SocietyInformation Society

InformationInformation The word “information” is used to refer to a

number of different phenomena. These phenomena have been classified into three groupings:

(1) Anything perceived as potentially signifying something (e.g. printed books);

(2) The process of informing; and (3) That which is learned from some evidence

or communication.

Information

Information as processInformation as communicationInformation as message transmission and reception communication.

Information

Information is that which is conveyed, and possibly amenable to analysis and interpretation.

Knowledge is the general understanding and awareness garnered from accumulated information, tempered by experience, enabling new contexts to be envisaged.

InformationInformation represents a state of

awareness (consciousness) and the physical manifestations they form. Information, as a phenomena, represents both a process and a product; Information is resources useful or

relevant or functional for information seekers.

Information

Information is data that has been categorized, counted, and thus given meaning, relevance, or purpose.

Knowledge is information that has been given meaning and taken to a higher level.

Knowledge emerges from analysis, reflection upon, and synthesis of information. It is used to make a difference in an enterprise, learn a lesson, or solve a problem.

Data - Information - Knowledge

What is Data? Data is the raw material of information. It is the

product of research and discovery. A single piece of data has no meaning unless the context is understood. Data needs to be transformed to information.

What is Information? Information is a flow of messages. The patterns

and relationship in the data is pointed out and discussed. The data is made informative and must be put into a context and linked like data.

DIKW

Information Hierarchy

Data

Information

Knowledge

Wisdom

More refined and abstract

A (Facetious) Example Data

98.6º F, 99.5º F, 100.3º F, 101º F, … Information

Hourly body temperature: 98.6º F, 99.5º F, 100.3º F, 101º F, …

Knowledge If you have a temperature above 100º F,

you most likely have a fever Wisdom

If you don’t feel well, go see a doctor


The meaning of the term information retrieval can be very broad. Just getting a credit card out of your wallet so that you can type in the card number is a form of information retrieval. However, as an academic field of study, information retrieval can be defined thus:

Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers).


The user of an IR system is concerned more with retrieving information about a subject than with retrieving data which satisfies a given query

A data retrievaldata retrieval language aims at retrieving all objects which satisfy clearly defined conditions such as those in a regular expression or in a relational algebra expression. Thus, for a data retrieval system, a single erroneous object among a thousand retrieved objects means total failure.


For an information retrieval system, however, the retrieved objects might be inaccurate and small errors are likely to go unnoticed. The main reason for this difference is that information retrieval usually deals with natural language text which is not always well structured and could be semantically ambiguous.

On the other hand, a data retrieval system (such as a relational database) deals with data that has a well defined structure and semantics.


Data retrieval, while providing a solution to the user of a database system, does not solve the problem of retrieving information about a subject or topic.

To be effective in its attempt to satisfy the user information need, the IR system must somehow `interpret' the contents of the information items (documents) in a collection and rank them according to a degree of relevance to the user query.


This `interpretation' of a document content involves extracting syntactic and semantic information from the document text and using this information to match the user information need. The difficulty is not only knowing how to extract this

information but also knowing how to use it to decide relevance. Thus, the notion of relevance is at the center of

information retrieval. In fact, the primary goal of an IR system is to retrieve all the documents which are relevant to a user query while retrieving as few non- relevant documents as possible.

Information Retrieval at the Center of the Stage

In the past 20 years, the area of information retrieval has grown well beyond its primary goals of indexing text and searching for useful documents in a collection. Nowadays, research in IR includes modeling, document classification and categorization, systems architecture, user interfaces, data visualization, filtering, languages, etc.

Information Retrieval at the Center of the Stage

The Web is becoming a universal repository of human knowledge and culture which has allowed unprecedented sharing of ideas and information in a scale never seen before. Its success is based on the conception of a standard user interface which is always the same no matter what computational environment is used to run the interface.

IR at the Center of the Stage

Further, any user can create his own Web documents and make them point to any other Web documents without restrictions. This is a key aspect because it turns the Web into a new publishing medium accessible to everybody. As an immediate consequence, any Web user can push his personal agenda with little effort and almost at no cost. This universe without frontiers has attracted tremendous attention from millions of people everywhere since the very beginning.

IR Issues

Furthermore, it is causing a revolution in the way people use computers and perform their daily tasks. For instance, home shopping and home banking are becoming very popular and have generated several hundred million dollars in revenues. Despite so much success, the Web has

introduced new problems of its own. Finding useful information on the Web is frequently a tedious and difficult task.

IR Issues

For naive users, the problem becomes harder, which might entirely frustrate all their efforts. The main obstacle is the absence of a well defined underlying data model for the Web, which implies that information definition and structure is frequently of low quality. These difficulties have attracted renewed

interest in IR and its techniques as promising solutions. As a result, almost overnight, IR has gained a place with other technologies at the center of the stage.

Information Overload

The Road to Information discovery...

From Diamond Mining to Data MiningFrom Diamond Mining to Data Mining

Informatics

Informatics

Informatics is the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, algorithms, behaviour, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process, access and communicate information.

Informatics

It also develops its own conceptual and theoretical foundations and utilizes foundations developed in other fields. Since the advent of computers, individuals and organizations increasingly process information digitally. This has led to the study of informatics that has computational, cognitive and social aspects, including study of the social impact of information technologies.

Informatics

Informatics is the science of information. It studies the representationrepresentation, processing, and communication of information in natural and artificial systems. Since computers, individuals and organizations all process information, informatics has computational, cognitive and social aspects.

Used as a compound, in conjunction with the name of a discipline, as in medical informatics, bio-informatics, etc., it denotes the specialization of informatics to the management and processing of data, information and knowledge in the named discipline.

The scope of Informatics

What these areas have in common is informatics: the focus on information and how it is represented in, processed by, and communicated between a variety of systems.

• Representations include paper, analogue, and digital records of text, sounds and images, as well as, for instance, the information represented in a gene, and the memories of an individual or an organization.


• Processing includes human reasoning, digital computation, and organizational processes.

• Communication includes human communication and the human-computer interface - with speech and gesture, with text and diagram, as well as computer communications and networking, which may use radio, optical or electrical signals.


Informatics studies the interaction of information with individuals and organizations, as well as the fundamentals of computation and computability, and the hardware and software technologies used to store, process and communicate digitised information.

It includes the study of communication as a process that links people together, to affect the behaviour of individuals and organizations.

Beijing has elaborated a risk identification and management system to deal with any major public health emergency during the 2008 Olympic Games. The system includes measures to deal with epidemic diseases and infectious micro-organisms, and to ensure food and drinking water safety. Prevention and control mechanisms have been set up, which has laid a sound foundation for the safety of the Olympics, Municipal Health Bureau director Jin Dapeng told a press conference at the Beijing Olympic Media Center.

FOSS EHR

Google Health Google Health allows you to

store and manage all of your health information in one central place. And it's completely free.

Google believes that you own your medical records and should have easy access to them. The way we see it, it's your information; why shouldn't you control it?

1. Sign up for Google Health

2. Start tracking a medical history and learn about your conditions

3. Import your medical records

4. View your medical history

5. Find out how medications might interact

6. Make your health information work for you

7. Search for doctors and hospitals

Thank You for giving

me this

opportunity

Business

Bioinformatioc: Information Retrieval