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18/11/09 | 1
ALIVE EU FUNDED PROJECT
ESAW demo November 2009iiWAS, December 2009
Organizing Web Services to develop Dynamic, Flexible,
Distributed Systems
Frank DignumUtrecht University
“The ALIVE project”www.ist-alive.eu
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Overview
• Motivation• From Services to Services in Context• The ALIVE approach• Semantic web services and matchmaking• Coordinating semantic web services• Organizing semantic web services• Putting it all together• Some use cases• Conclusions
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Conclusions (preliminary)
There is no such thing as a freelunch
But we can help by structuring the payment in small installments
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Web Services
Web based application
1 2
34
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Example
FpMLFinancial Products Markup LanguagePoliced by ISDA
FpML isA set of documents that describe the structure of
how to encode financial products in XMLXMLSchema to enable validation of correct
message formatsThere are a set of sequence diagrams to govern
when to send what to whom
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Example continued
Typical message:
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Example continued
Typical flow:
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The problem
How do we know what the context is for any FpML message
Is it NovationConsentGranted?
Is it NovationConsentRefused?
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The solution
Hope and pray ….Add meta data around the FpML packageAgree meta data with your clients
NovationConsentGrantedAllocationId 9876
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The problem was
Behavior first. Content second.
No agreement on meta data needed, because there are no fully defined processes
What makes a NovationConsentGranted a NovationConsentGranted is the process not the message. The message is a consequence.
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The problem today
Sequence diagrams are not enough
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Buyer, Seller, Credit Agency, Shipper.Buyer barters with the Seller to get a price Buyer accepts a price and places an orderSeller checks Buyers credit worthinessSeller requests delivery from ShipperShipper sends delivery details to Seller and to Buyer
How do we write this down?
An Example
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Buyer Seller
Shipper
CreditAgency
An Example
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Buyer Seller
• Buyer request a quote from the seller.
• Seller responds with a quote.
• Quotes may timeout.
• Buyer MAY update quote and request the update from the
seller.• Seller MAY respond with the
update quote.
• Buyer MAY accept the quote.
An Example
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Buyer Seller
Shipper
CreditAgency
• Seller checks credit worthiness.
• Seller requests delivery from Shipper.• Shipper sends delivery details back to
Seller and to Buyer.
• If Buyer accepts the quote.
• If Credit worthiness is okay
An Example
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Why Process?
All messages exist in a context.E.g. fpml:RequestAllocationConfirmation message will not be relevant in an
Affirmation (Trade) business process
It’s not what you do but the way that you do itDid I expect to get an fpml:AllocationConfirmed message after sending an
fpml:ConfirmAllocation?Ordering is important because it defines how you behave. Behaviour directly
impact interoperability. Can I work with Mega Bank?
Standardising the business processes increases STP rates and enables the market to grow.
The differentiator is the product being sold not how the back office deal with it.
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Choreographed Web Services
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Contexts?• How to manage workflows in environments, where
not all services are owned by the same organisation?• How to align the configurations and settings needed
by a service to operate with those of the operational environment?
• How is service execution affected by issues of trust, rights, obligations and prohibitions?
• What if critical applications simply cease to function if services provisioned from third parties disappear or malfunction?
• How to deal with knowledge representation, when connecting or binding together two or more actual entities or services using different ontologies?
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MethodologyFrameworkCoordination level:
- coordination patterns- task allocation
- actor expectation
Organizational level:- norms and regulations
- organizational structure- communication ontology
- evaluation indicators
The ALIVE approach
WSWS
WS
WS
WS WS
Existing platformsExisting services
New servicesService interactions
SDSD
SD
SD
SD SDService level:
- semantic service description (SD)
- standards specification
actor
actor
actoractor
role
dynamic assignment
Functional instantiation
role role role
actual deploymentHOW?(available services)
WHAT?(possible actions, plans)
WHY?(motivations)
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Framew
ork
Methodology
WSWS
WS
WS
WS
SDSD
SD
SD
SD
actor
actor
actor
role
role role role
WS
SD
actor
ALIVE EU FUNDED PROJECT
Organizational level
Coordination level
Service level
Methodology
Framew
ork
SDSD
SD
SD
SD
actor
actor
actoractor
role
role role role
SD
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
MODEL-DRIVENENGINEERING
The ALIVE approach
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Architecture
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Overall StructureFramework
(applied to application)
Technology specific development
Off-line Architecture On-line Architecture
SupportingMethodology
DesignTools
Metamodels
ApplicationModelFiles
ApplicationDeployment
FacilitatorComponents
Execution,Monitoring,
MaintenanceTools
Set UpTools
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ALIVE Framework
Coordination level
WSWS
WS
WS
WS WS
SDSD
SD
SD
SD SD
Service level
actor
actor
actoractor
role
role role role
Organizational level
Coordination level
WSWS
WS
WS
WS
WSWS
WS
WS
WS WS
SDSD
SD
SD
SD SDSD
Service level
actor
actor
actoractor
actor
actoractoractor
role
role rolerole role rolerole
Organizational level Concepts:
Organisational structure,objective, role, scene, landmark, norm
Concepts:
actor, agent, goal, task,state, plan
Concepts:
service, service adaptor,service template, service matchmaker
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ALIVE Framework
Coordination level
WSWS
WS
WS
WS WS
SDSD
SD
SD
SD SD
Service level
actor
actor
actoractor
role
role role role
Organizational level
Coordination level
WSWS
WS
WS
WS
WSWS
WS
WS
WS WS
SDSD
SD
SD
SD SDSD
Service level
actor
actor
actoractor
actor
actoractoractor
role
role rolerole role rolerole
Organizational levelALIVE Organisational
Metamodel(‘OperA’ MOF)
ALIVE Coordination Metamodel
ALIVE Event Metamodel
ALIVE ServiceMetamodel
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Advances over State of the Art
• Mapping human organisations to service-based solutions– models are defined at a level of abstraction that allows non-
expert end-users to support better the design and the maintenance of the system
• Provides an organisational context (such as, for instance, objectives, structures and regulations) that can be used to select, compose and invoke services dynamically.
• Multi-layer approach allows for:– Traceability (why is something done in this way on this level?)– Adaptivity (moving up in abstraction to solve problems at a
specific level)
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Advances over State of the Art• 3 levels of adaptation:
– Changes in system functionalitiese.g., services that become unavailable or are not performing correctly Automatic selection/discovery of (new) services
– Changes in environmental conditionse.g., changes (sensed symptoms) that can lead to potential failure during
the achievement of objectives Generation of a new plan of action for the objective
– Changes in stakeholders needse.g., changes in laws and norms that regiment particular organisational
protocols and responsibilities Selection of (new) objective(s) to achieve
Service
Coordination
Organisation
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Organizational level
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Goal
Provide a stable high level description of the system that can be used to guide adaptations in the coordination and service levels
It provides both objectives for procedures (workflows) as well as constraints (norms) on them
It provides objectives and capabilities for the roles that agents should fulfill and norms on how to fulfill the role
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Organizational Model
ROLE
ROLE
rolerelation
objectivesnorms
Social structure Interaction structureSCENESCRIPT
SCENESCRIPT
player
landmarks
normsresults
constraints
scenetransition
OrganizationalOrganizational ModelModelNormative Normative Concrete Concrete LevelLevel
RoleNorms
SceneNorms Transition
Norms
Ontological Ontological Concrete Concrete LevelLevel
Ontologies
Communicationlanguages
Architectural Templates
RoleRules
SceneRules
TransitionRules
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Social StructureRole dependencies
ConferenceSociety
Organizer Author
PC-member Session-Chair
paper_reviewed session_organized
conference_organized paper_submitted
Presenter
paper_presented
PC-chair Local-chair
program-organized local-organized
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Role example
Role: PC Member Objectives paper_reviewed(P, Rep)
Sub-objectives { read(P), report_written(P, Rep), review_received(Org, P, Rep) }
Rights access-confman-program(me)
Norms OBLIGED understand(English)
IF DONE assigned (P, me, Deadline)
THEN OBLIGED paper_reviewed(P, Rep) BEFORE Deadline
IF DONE paper_assigned(P,me, _) AND direct_colleague(author(P))
THEN OBLIGED review_refused(P) BEFORE TOMORROW
Type external
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The Organizational Model
ROLE
ROLE
rolerelation
objectivesnorms
Social structure Interaction structureSCENESCRIPT
SCENESCRIPT
player
landmarks
normsresults
constraints
scenetransition
OrganizationalOrganizational ModelModelNormative Normative Concrete Concrete LevelLevel
RoleNorms
SceneNorms Transition
Norms
Ontological Ontological Concrete Concrete LevelLevel
Ontologies
Communicationlanguages
Architectural Templates
RoleRules
SceneRules
TransitionRules
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Interaction structure
Send Call for Papers
Form PC
Send Call for Participation
Paper Submission
Review Process
Registration
Paper Acceptance
Conferenceon-site
registration
ConferenceSessions
M
start end
WorkshopsN
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Scene example
Interaction Scene: Review ProcessRoles PC-Chair (1), PC-member (2..Max)
Results r1 = ∀ P ∈Papers, reviews_done(P, review1, review2)
r2 = ∀ p ∈Papers, decision_on_paper(paper, decision, review1, review2)
Interaction
Patterns
PATTERN(r1) ={ DONE(O, paper_assigned(P,PC1,DeadlineR) BEFORE DeadlineA), DONE(O, paper_assigned(P,PC2,DeadlineR), BEFORE DeadlineA),
DeadlineA BEFORE DeadlineR, DONE(PC1, paper_reviewed(P, Rev1) BEFORE DeadlineR),
DONE(PC2, paper_reviewed(P, Rev2) BEFORE DeadlineR) }Norms PERMITTED(O, paper_assigned(P, PC, DeadlineA) )
OBLIGED(PC, paper_reviewed(P, Rev) BEFORE DeadlineR)
OBLIGED (O, decision_on_paper(P, D, Rev1, Rev2) BEFORE DeadlineD)
landmarks
start
assign paperPC1
end
assign paperPC2
Assigndeadline
receive reviewPC1
receive reviewPC2
Reviewdeadline
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OperettA Eclipse
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Review February 2009 iiWAS, December 2009
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OperettA Eclipse
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Review February 2009 iiWAS, December 2009
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Coordination level
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Objectives• Operational model for coordination of dynamic workflow
services• Mechanisms for analysis of properties in model• Mechanisms for synthesis of components• Goal
– Bridge organisational and service levels
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Coordination level: the big picture
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Action Editor• Actions
– Special domain knowledge– Complement/depend on organisation spec.
• Represented in semantically rich format (OWL-S)– Pre- and post-conditions– Atomic and composite (with control constructs)
• Functionalities:– Create/edit actions– Visualise actions
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Action Editor (Cont’d)Action meta-model
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Action Editor (Cont’d)
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Action Editor (Cont’d)Advancement of state-of-the-art:
• OWL-S used for general agent action description (not Web services)
• Extend OWL-S to represent adding/removing effects in post-conditions
• Development of OWL-S meta-model• Meta-modelling facilitated development (including
changes)
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Task Editor• Task
– Problem description (incl. world state and objective)– Input to plan/workflow synthesis
• Functionalities– Visualise, create and edit tasks
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Task Editor (Cont’d)Task meta-model
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Task Editor (Cont’d)
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Plan/Workflow Tool• Functionalities:
– Synthesis of workflows/plans– Visualise workflows– Manually create workflows and edit existing ones
• Eclipse plug-in• Invokes plan synthesis (web-) service
– Currently based on JSHOP2– Inputs: actions and a planning problem (task)– Generates (series of) workflow(s)
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Plan/Workflow Tool (Cont’d)Workflow meta-model
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Plan/Workflow Tool (Cont’d)
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Plan/Workflow Tool (Cont’d)Planning process
Compound Action Atomic Action
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Plan/Workflow Tool (Cont’d)
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Plan/Workflow Tool (Cont’d)Advancement of state-of-the-art:
• Use extended OWL-S for general planning• Organisation-oriented planning• Modular architecture allows for different planners to be
used• Meta-modelling provided modularity to architecture
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Agent ToolFunctionalities
– Visualise, create and edit agent specifications– Generation of agents, based on organisation– Allocation of actions to agents– Synthesis and injection of agents into platform (namely,
AgentScape)
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Agent Tool (Cont’d)Agent meta-model
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Agent Tool (Cont’d)Agent editor architecture
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Agent Tool (Cont’d)
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Agent Tool (Cont’d)Advancement of state-of-the-art:
– Organisation-oriented synthesis of software agents– Organisation-aware software agents dealing with
exceptions– Agent-based plan/workflow enactment (with re-planning)– Technologies: AgentScape, TAEMS
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Event Analysis Tool• Workflows enactments provide event logs
– Log file: who performed what and when– Event meta-model with associated ontology– Events should be analysed w.r.t. workflow
• Functionalities– Throughput Time– Violated Norms– Social Network Analysis– Task Matrix– Quality of Service
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Event Analysis Tool (Cont’d)Event meta-model
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Event Analysis Tool (Cont’d)Model-driven workflow design & verification
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Event Analysis Tool (Cont’d)Eclipse plug-in
1. Choose “analysis” option2. Choose “enactment” of workflows
3. Choose period of log
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Event Analysis Tool (Cont’d)Task Matrix
Violated Norms
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Event Analysis Tool (Cont’d)
Social Network Analysis
Throughput Time
Quality of Service
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Service level
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From coordination to services
Service ExecutionDisovery/Matchmaking
Service Selection
Coordination Level
DeployRequiredServices
WorkflowEnactment
Invoke task
Feed back performance &
metrics
Service Level
Task Query
search/query services
Service Handle
Return results
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Services Layer Architecture
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Matchmaking architecture
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Matchmaker Demo
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OWLSBuilder
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Model Driven Approach
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Methodology :: State of the Art
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Core Characteristics
1. Level of Abstraction2. Automation3. Model based (Graphical)4. Tool Supported5. Adaptation
– Design-Time– Run-Time
6. Multi Layers– Holistic approach– Integrated
7. Monitoring8. Formalised
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Methodology :: Model Driven
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Review November 2009
• Raise level of Abstraction• Code Automation• Creation of Tools (Editors)• Consistency
• (validate rules)• Layer Integration
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Methodology :: Multi Layers Integration
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Review November 2009
• Based on 3 Integrated Conceptual Layers
Relations
Role
Actor
Task Service
Norm
Pre/Post condition
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Development Life Cycle for an ALIVE application
• Design Time– Modelling/Metamodelling– Model Integration/Consistency
• Tools/Automations• Run Time
– Execution and Monitoring• Semantic Analysis and Selection• Adaptation
Methodology :: Development Process
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Review November 2009
Adap
tatio
n
SemanticAnalysis Exe
cutio
n
& Monito
ring
Autom
ated
Creation
Design( Modelling)
DevelopmentProcess
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Methodology :: Design Time
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Methodology :: Run Time
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Use cases
• Thales:– Focus on integration between Organization and
Coordination levels• Calico Jack:
– Focus on integration between Coordination and Service levels
• TMT:– Demonstrates integration of all three levels
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Simulations of crises expensive and time consumingDistributed / Automated simulations seems to provide an
ideal solutionChallenges:
How to make the simulations realistic?What to simulate?How to feed results back into process?
Crisis Management Scenarios have organisation, co-ordination and services that can be independently assessed and modelled.
Thales Use Case Motivation
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Simulation Toolkit:Allow different scenarios to be rapidly modelled and
the results displayed for ease of evaluationServices represent the actions that are performed
by crisis management personnelCoordination between these tasks result in
changes to the enactment of the entire scenario.Organisational constraints determine the
coordination that can take place.
Outline of Use Case
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Flooding of two adjacent regions
Evacuation of these regions required
This entails evacuation of NietzelfredzamenHospitalsElderlyPrisoners
Scenario
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Demo
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Organisation Modeling
• Organisations are modelled using the OperettA tool• Social Structures define the roles and their
relationships• Interaction Structures model the landmarks and the
required steps to reach these landmarks• Norms are defined as both the social norms and
institutional norms.• Social Norm: Women & Children first• Institutional Norm: Buildings should not be re-
entered; Evacuation time <= 300 minutes
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Specifies the organisational context of the domainInteraction Structure specifies the desired/required
interactions within the organisationSocial Structure specifies the important parties that
play a part in the organisation(Basic) Ontology support
Creating roles/objectives/etc. adds their name as concept to a generated ontology
Roles/objectives/… can be named by selecting a concept from an existing ontology
OperettA
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OperettA.check adds model validation to the organisational model editorValidates organisational model based on defined
constraints to ensure model correctnessChecks vary from checking whether all roles have a
name…To checking whether landmark patterns are
connected and acyclic
Organisational Model Validation
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Social Structure (Roles)
Organisation Modeling in OperettA
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Basic Interactions:
Interaction Structures…
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Evacuation of a Hospital requires planning for both Critical and non-critical patients.
Help must be sought if Norms (e.g. time required to evacuated greater than a limit) will be violated.
Organisational Structure guides how resources are used to fulfil action plans
…Leads to Action Plans
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Initial Link to ServicesHelp define the workflow to allow landmarks to be
reached.
Action Modeling
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Organisation Level – Coordination Level Model Transformation
13/11/2009 | 90 Alive Project Review Meeting
Organisation Level Coordination LevelOL::Scene CL::CompositeActionOL::LandmarkPattern CL::CompositeActionOL::Landmark CL::CompositeActionOL::Objective (with subObjectives)OL::Objective
CL::CompositeActionCL::AtomicAction
OL::PartialStateDescription CL::AtomicActionResultOL::Player CL::ParticipantOL:: ... CL:: ...
• Transformation Definition • Model2Model (QVTO)• result:: actions model
iiWAS, December 2009
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Actions
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Actions (Evacuate Hospital Scene)
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Modeling based approach brings particular advantages to the Crisis Management Simulations:Rapid development of new scenarios;Re-planning based on failures at run time.Visual Development of new Scenarios
Conclusions
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• Communication in leisure domainsNeed to bridge different media: instant message, e-mail,
voice call, video, SMSManage changing roles and identities of usersCouple with online social networking resources
• Goal: Dynamic reconfiguration of communication pathways based on Availability of services Availability of user (what is appropriate when)
• Exploit existing social structuresRelationships on social network sites indicate appropriate
channels
Calico Jack
15/12/2009 | 94
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 95
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Calico Jack – Organisational Model
15/12/2009 | 95
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 96
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Calico Jack – Interaction Structure
15/12/2009 | 96
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 97
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Calico Jack – Actions to handle message
15/12/2009 | 97
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 98
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Calico Jack – Example Scene Plan
15/12/2009 | 98
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 99
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• Innovative aspects of solution developedDesigning for robustness Abstract away from detailed engineeringSolutions that are more robust and more reliable
• Previously:pipeline of services single points of (potential) failure chained
together• With ALIVE:
Dynamic substitution in the face of failure
Calico Jack
15/12/2009 | 99
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 100
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Need to upgrade urban information services
For people living in or visiting a city
Ubiquitous access
Context-awareness
Personalised interaction and content
Multimedia
TMT
15/12/2009 | 100
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
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• Specific requirements
Dynamically compose high value services
Content providers
React and adapt to dynamic environments:coordination tasks to support services that come and
go;organisational norms to support dynamic selection of
coordination plans.
Filter to match user
TMT
15/12/2009 | 101
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 102
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TMT – Knowledge representation
15/12/2009 | 102
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 103
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TMT – Interaction Structure
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
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TMT – Organisational Model
15/12/2009 | 104 2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 105
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TMT – Content adaption workflow
15/12/2009 | 105
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 106
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TMT – Tasks to gather user preferences
15/12/2009 | 106
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 107
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TMT – Actions to adapt content
15/12/2009 | 107
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 108
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TMT – Agent screen shot
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 109
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TMT – Context Web Service
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Obtaining local time
Obtaining user’s
location
Obtaining weather forecast
2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 110
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TMT – Legal broker Web Service
15/12/2009 | 110
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Obtain age to be considered legally an adult for a specific
location.
2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 111
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TMT – User Modeller Web Service
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Obtaining user’s cinema
preferences
Obtaining user’s restaurant
preferences
Obtaining user’s requirements
2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 112
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TMT – Movie cinema suggestion Web Service
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Obtain a movie and cinema suggestion
2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 113
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TMT – Restaurant suggestion Web Service
15/12/2009 | 113
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Obtain a restaurant suggestion
2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
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• Innovative aspects of solution developedSolutions that are more robust and reliable
Multiple levels gives robustnessPreviously:
Single points of (potential) failure chained togetherLack of dynamic consideration of all relevant factors
With ALIVE:Dynamic substitution in the face of failureConsideration of all factors:
Accessibility: people with functional diversityContext-awarenessPersonalised interaction and content
TMT
15/12/2009 | 114
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2nd ReviewiiWAS, December 2009
18/11/09 | 115
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
• ALIVE provides a high level context for web services• This provides stability and robustness• The coordination level provides flexibility• The semantic web service level provides dynamic
matchmaking based on semantic and syntactic features
• Use cases indicate usefulness of the approach• For more info on ALIVE see: www.ist-alive.eu
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ESAW demo November 2009
Thanks to:
Javier Vázquez-SalcedaVirginia DignumJulian PadgetHuib AldewereldOwen CliffeDalia KhaderJuan Carlos NievesSergio Alvarez NapagaoSofia PanagiotidiDavid CorsarAlison ChorleyWamberto Vasconcelos
Luigi CeccaroniManel Palau RoigThomas QuillinanKees NieuwenhuisAthanasios StaikopoulosRazvan PopescuSiobhan ClarkeChris ReedPaul Sergeant
iiWAS, December 2009
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END