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July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
AfricaSan 2011
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Outline
WASHCost/LCCA Sanitation cost Key findings Policy recommendations
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
WASHCost project
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Disaggregated Life Cycle Costs
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
WASHCost study areas
Results from 1273 household surveys (1032 in rural and 241 in small towns)
Main finding: Little readily available expenditure data!
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Sanitation technologies being used
Sanitation Technologies are: Water Closet (WC) Ventilated Improved Pit
(VIP): Kumasi Ventilated Improved
Pit (KVIP): 2 pit latrine Sanplat: modern slab
without vent pipe Traditional Pit Latrine (TPL):
pit without modern slab or vent pipe
Only 346 out of 1273 representing 27 % have access to HH latrine
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Sanitation - Capital Expenditure
Sanitation Technology Capital Investment (in US $ 2009)
Cost per facility Cost per capita
Rural VIP, subsidy based 67 7
VIP, non- subsidy based 106 20
Small towns
VIP, subsidy based 72 7
VIP, non-subsidy based 83 9
Traditional Pit latrine 74 11
The cost to the household of having the latrines constructed excluding own labour and any subsidy.
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Operational and minor maintenance expenditure
Sanitation Technology Capital Investment (in US $ 2009)
Cost per facility per year
Cost per capita per year
Rural Rural VIP 11 3
Small towns Water Closet, WC 21 4
VIP 8 4
TPL 17 3
OpEx is primarily cleaning – disinfectants and detergents
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Capital Maintenance and HH Hygiene Cost
Median Household expenditure on soap is US $ 17 per capita per year (N = 1060).
Capital Maintenance expenditure No expenditure was recorded on
desludging or other forms of capital maintenance
Expenditure on Direct support cost per capita/yr National level – US $ 0.32 District level – US $ 0.07 – 0.24
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Cost and Service Level by area
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Key findings
With a median value of some 3-4 US$ per capita per year, operational expenditure on latrines (essentially the cost of cleaning the latrines) over two to five years is greater than the cost of constructing the latrines.
With a median value of 17 US$ per person/year expenditure on soap for all hygienic related activities included (both in small towns and rural areas) is greater than both the capital and operational costs of latrines.
Lump sum capital expenditure for rural VIPs may not be affordable to the poorest in the rural areas. The cost of the non-subsidised rural VIP latrines range (inter-quartile) from US $ 64 –US $ 118 (median US $106).
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana
Policy implications
Government Government financing to create and sustain
an enabling environment (ExpIDS) Create demand, Hygiene campaigns (ExpDS) Innovative financing for the provision of
Household Toilets (CapEx) Eg is the proposed Revolving Fund
User contribution Capital expenditure (CapEx) Operational expenditure (OpEx) Capital maintenance expenditure
(CapManEx)
July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana