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Studies on the potential use ofStudies on the potential use of Strychnos potatorum Strychnos potatorum L.fL.f. . seeds forseeds for
water purificationwater purification
* Supervised by:- * Supervised by:- Dr. Asiri PereraDr. Asiri Perera
* Presented by :- * Presented by :- R.K.Jayarathna R.K.Jayarathna
CONTENTSCONTENTS
IntroductionIntroduction ObjectivesObjectives ProcedureProcedure Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion ReferencesReferences
INTRODUCTION * * Water is recognized as the most importantWater is recognized as the most important
natural resource in view of it is being absolutely natural resource in view of it is being absolutely
essential for living organisms.essential for living organisms.
* Water for drinking, preparing food, and a variety* Water for drinking, preparing food, and a variety
of others.of others.
* Fresh water is around 3% out of earth’s water* Fresh water is around 3% out of earth’s water
resource.resource.
* There is about 0.09% of ground and surface * There is about 0.09% of ground and surface water.water.
Water usable for human beingsWater usable for human beings,,
Water that exists on and below the earth's surface Water that exists on and below the earth's surface and often thought of as wells, rivers or lakes.and often thought of as wells, rivers or lakes.
Methods of purificationMethods of purification
A Natutral method - strychnosstrychnos potatorum potatorum seedsseeds
Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source.
InginiIngini((strychnosstrychnos potatorum potatorum L.fL.f..))
Scientific Classification Kingdom Plantae
Division MagnoliophytaClass MagnoliopsidaOrder GentianalesFamily Loganiaceae Genus StrychnosSpecies potatorum
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world
Figure 1 : Ingini tree
The seeds are circular with bluntly lenticular and shining with short silky yellow.
Medicinally they are chiefly used,1. As a local application in eye diseases2. Good for the liver3. Kidney complaints4. Gonorrhea disease5. Improve the eye sight 6. Relieve colic7. Remedy for snake bite
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
a) a) Measure the water parameters before andMeasure the water parameters before and
after adding the S.potatorum seeds to theafter adding the S.potatorum seeds to the
water samples.water samples.
b) Determine the effectiveness or potential useb) Determine the effectiveness or potential use
of S.potatorum seeds for water purificationof S.potatorum seeds for water purification..
PROCEDURE ADAPTED IN THE PROCEDURE ADAPTED IN THE INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION
Determination of the physical and Determination of the physical and chemical parameterschemical parameters
1. Temperature1. Temperature 2. Conductivity - 2. Conductivity - Apparatus: Conductivity meter ( HACH, Sension 5)
3. Turbidity - 3. Turbidity - Apparatus: Portable Turbid meter (Model 2100 P, HACH)
4. pH - 4. pH - Apparatus: pH meter ( HANNA HI 8314)
5. Hardness5. Hardness
6. Heavy metals ( Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn)6. Heavy metals ( Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn) Apparatus: GBC 932 plus ATOMIC ADSORPTION SPECTROMETER
Procedure- AOAC methodsProcedure- AOAC methods
Test the Physical and chemical Parameters.
Collect Water samples.
Select one location whereParameters are considerably high.
Collect water samples from that location.
* The selected location; - very high in values for conductivity and hardness parameters. - but, very low in values for turbidity and heavy metal parameters.
* Initial turbidity was increased using fine clays (BPP 44)for turbidity analysis.
* Initial heavy metal concentrations were kept constant by preparing 1.0 ppm standard
solutions.
Collect Seeds from trees.
Powder the seeds(BPP 44) and add to the collected water samples.
Measure the temperature, pH, conductivityhardness and turbidity parameters by
changing the time and the dose loading.
Interpretation of results.
Each sample size was 500 ml. A control without seed treatment was included. All the samples were caused for “Jar test” a instrument used for proper mixing and has six paddle gang stirrers with 7.6 cm diameter
flat paddle impellers.
* Initial seed - 120 rpm for 2 minutes * Final speed - 15 rpm for 10 minutes * Allowed to settle
For heavy metal analysis,For heavy metal analysis,
Measure 500 ml of 1.0 ppm prepared heavy metal solution
Add seeds, rubbed seeds, and powdered seeds
Use the Jar test for mixing
Measure the changes
Interpretation of results using data analysis(ANOVA-MINITAB)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Table3.1 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration on
parameters of well water
Treatments
of seed’s powder / mg L-1
pHTemperature / oC
Log10
ConductivityLog10
HardnessLog10
Turbidityb
0 7.13 26.8 3.1313 2.5867 2.5826
10 7.03 26.9 3.1290 2.5844 2.5012
20 7.08 26.8 3.1252 2.5822 2.3545
30 7.12 26.8 3.1232 2.5754 2.0522
40 7.16 26.7 3.1186 2.5709 1.6798
50 7.18 26.8 3.1149 2.5686 1.3381
3.1 Interpretation of results obtained for3.1 Interpretation of results obtained for temperature Values temperature Values
Figure 3.1 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration on
temperature of well water
Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-
1
Tem
pera
ture
/ o
C
3.2 Interpretation of results obtained for3.2 Interpretation of results obtained for pH Values pH Values
Figure 3.2 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration
on pH of well water
Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-1
pH
3.3 Interpretation of results obtained for3.3 Interpretation of results obtained for conductivity conductivity
Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-1
Figure 3.3 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration
on conductivity of well water.
Log
10
Conduct
ivit
y
3.4 Interpretation of results obtained3.4 Interpretation of results obtained for turbidity for turbidity
Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-1
Figure 3.4 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration
on turbidity
Log
10
Tu
rbid
ity
3.5 Interpretation of results obtained for3.5 Interpretation of results obtained for total hardness total hardness
Treatments of seed’s powder / mg L-1
Figure 3.5 Effect of S.potatorum at varying concentration
on hardness of well water
Log
10
Hard
ness
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSINTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
OBTAINED FOR HEAVY METALS OBTAINED FOR HEAVY METALS
Interpretation of Zn change
y = 0.4472x
R2 = 0.9954
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600
Abso
rban
ce
Concentration / ppm
Concentration / ppm
Absorbance
0.000 0.000
0.400 0.198
0.800 0.364
1.000 0.449
1.500 0.661
Figure 3.6 Calibration table and graph for determination of Zn
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and
time on Change of Zn concentration
Time / hrs
Seed Powder/ mg L-1
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
10 0.082 0.104 0.173 0.388 0.573 0.670
20 0.092 0.138 0.226 0.434 0.579 0.696
30 0.144 0.176 0.268 0.464 0.584 0.748
40 0.108 0.169 0.286 0.486 0.604 0.783
50 0.124 0.185 0.304 0.519 0.674 0.811
From data analysis(p<0.05), 50 mg L-1 dose loading and 24 hrs time allocation have significant change
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on Change
of Zn concentration with seed amount and time
Time/hrs
Seed ‘s amount
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
1 0.014 0.030 0.079 0.326 0.576 0.688
3 0.022 0.041 0.086 0.386 0.606 0.706
4 0.056 0.047 0.097 0.458 0.632 0.738
6 0.062 0.072 0.113 0.449 0.676 0.783
8 0.073 0.126 0.132 0.479 0.697 0.809
From data analysis(p<0.05), 8 seeds and 24 hrs time allocation have significant change
Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on change of Zn concentration
Time/hrs
Rubbed Seed
0.5 1 2 12
1 0.028 0.043 0.086 0.374
3 0.072 0.128 0.179 0.476
5 0.093 0.152 0.187 1.575
From data analysis(p<0.05), 5 rubbed seeds and 12 hrs time allocation have significant change
Interpretation of Cu change
Concentration /ppm
Absorbance
0.000 0.000
0.400 0.198
0.800 0.364
1.000 0.449
1.500 0.661
Absorbance vs concentration
y = 0.1787x
R2 = 0.9918
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
Concentration/ppm
Abso
rban
ce
Figure 3.7 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cu
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and time on
change of Cu concentration
Time/hrs
Seed Powder/ mg L-1
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
10 0.053 0.076 0.085 0.305 0.574 0.613
20 0.082 0.115 0.129 0.378 0.608 0.696
30 0.106 0.136 0.183 0.433 0.618 0.737
40 0.108 0.144 0.211 0.495 0.699 0.786
50 0.133 0.168 0.282 0.516 0.706 0.869
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change
of Cu concentration with seed amount and time
Time/hrs
Seed amount
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
1 0.012 0.014 0.042 0.295 0.492 0.674
3 0.062 0.077 0.141 0.328 0.590 0.711
4 0.070 0.098 0.158 0.339 0.607 0.738
6 0.085 0.137 0.212 0.372 0.644 0.705
8 0.119 0.188 0.239 0.402 0.679 0.790
Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on
change of Cu concentration
Time/hrs
Rubbed Seed
0.5 1 2 12
1 0.028 0.043 0.086 0.374
3 0.072 0.128 0.179 0.476
5 0.093 0.152 0.187 1.575
Interpretation of Cr changeAbsorbbance vs concentration
y = 0.0608x
R2 = 0.9993
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
Concentration/ppm
Abs
orba
nce
Concentration
/ ppmAbsorbance
0.000 0.000
2.000 0.124
5.000 0.308
7.000 0.418
10.000 0.611
12.000 0.786
15.000 0.924
Figure 3.8 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cr
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and time on
change of Cr concentration
Time/hrs
Seed Powder/ mg L-1
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
10 0.026 0.037 0.117 0.388 0.603 0.817
20 0.074 0.099 0.176 0.394 0.646 0.858
30 0.079 0.119 0.168 0.414 0.679 0.876
40 0.088 0.136 0.183 0.472 0.698 0.892
50 0.114 0.140 0.206 0.513 0.732 0.914
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change
of Cr concentration with seed amount and time
Time/hrs
Seed’s amount
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
1 0.019 0.022 0.036 0.296 0.505 0.789
3 0.034 0.040 0.056 0.338 0.599 0.819
4 0.036 0.043 0.060 0.359 0.626 0.839
6 0.059 0.076 0.097 0.410 0.687 0.856
8 0.084 0.098 0.122 0.436 0.712 0.872
Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on
change of Cr concentration
Time/hrs
Rubbed Seed
0.5 1 2 12
1 0.017 0.024 0.048 0.358
3 0.038 0.047 0.082 0.429
5 0.042 0.074 0.114 0.488
Interpretation of Cd change
Concentration
/ ppm
Absorbance
0.000 0.000
0.200 0.088
0.500 0.208
1.000 0.428
1.800 0.811
Absorbbance vs concentrationy = 0.4437x
R2 = 0.998
0.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.7000.8000.900
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000
Concentration/ppm
Abs
orba
nce
Figure 3.9 Calibration table and graph for determination of Cd
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and time on
change of Cd concentration
Time/hrs
Seed Powder/ mg L-1
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
10 0.009 0.076 0.114 0.412 0.572 0.804
20 0.041 0.094 0.151 0.485 0.579 0.847
30 0.058 0.127 0.189 0.497 0.646 0.869
40 0.088 0.175 0.217 0.518 0.679 0.878
50 0.097 0.190 0.284 0.579 0.714 0.899
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change
of Cd concentration with seed amount and time
Time/hrs
Seed amount
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
1 0.005 0.006 0.017 0.389 0.575 0.779
3 0.015 0.020 0.032 0.399 0.587 0.796
4 0.016 0.023 0.033 0.405 0.598 0.812
6 0.032 0.043 0.055 0.452 0.626 0.827
8 0.056 0.072 0.089 0.488 0.695 0.853
Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on
change of Cd concentration
Time/hrs
Rubbed Seed
0.5 1 2 12
1 0.005 0.008 0.029 0.395
3 0.013 0.022 0.038 0.424
5 0.039 0.044 0.059 0.479
Interpretation of Pb change
Concentration/ ppm
Absorbance
0.000 0.000
3.000 0.188
5.000 0.308
7.000 0.418
11.000 0.611
Absorbbance vs concentration
y = 0.0576x
R2 = 0.9862
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
Concentration/ppm
Abs
orba
nce
Figure 3.10 Calibration table and graph for determination of Pb
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed powder and time on
change of Pb concentration
Time/hrs
Seed Powder/ mg L-1
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
10 0.017 0.027 0.044 0.289 0.582 0.713
20 0.024 0.036 0.058 0.304 0.611 0.758
30 0.019 0.038 0.069 0.337 0.655 0.762
40 0.042 0.058 0.086 0.362 0.683 0.782
50 0.054 0.076 0.109 0.384 0.711 0.806
Effect of S.potatorum at varying seed and time on change of
Pb concentration with seed amount and time
Time/hrs
Seed amount
0.5 1 2 12 24 72
1 0.004 0.009 0.023 0.202 0.498 0.604
3 0.011 0.022 0.031 0.246 0.514 0.658
4 0.018 0.029 0.046 0.299 0.568 0.679
6 0.022 0.033 0.054 0.333 0.607 0.708
8 0.029 0.039 0.066 0.352 0.688 0.733
Effect of S.potatorum at varying rubbed seed and time on
change of Pb concentration
Time/hrs
Rubbed Seed
0.5 1 2 12
1 0.008 0.016 0.029 0.242
3 0.014 0.026 0.043 0.320
5 0.018 0.028 0.075 0.379
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
When dose loading increased,
a). the pH was slightly increased in the range of 7.03 and 7.18 (2.1 %),
b). the log10 Conductivity was changed from 3.1313 to 3.1149 (3.70 %),
c). the log10 Turbidity was changed from 2.5826 to 1.3381 (94.31 %), and
d). the log10 Hardness was changed from 2.5867 to 2.5686 (4.08 %).
Summary of heavy metal
Effect of S.potatorum for heavy metal removal
% Removal of heavy metal after 24 hrs treatment with S. potatorum powder at dose level of 50
mg L-1
Zn Cu Cr Pb Cd
67.470.6 73.2 71.1 71.4
SUGGESTIONS FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORKSFUTURE WORKS
Further works,
1. Identification the removal of species from the seeds to the water sample.
2. It is a further work that a combination treatment of alum and S.potatorum in different proportions should be investigated to establish their effectiveness in treating raw water.
3. By increasing higher dose, it should check the removal of hardness for its better acceptance.
4. It is required to analysis of coliform count to study the microbial removal.
5. The seeds should be phytochemically analyzed for its secondary metabolites.
Competences developed during the Competences developed during the projectproject
Subject based competences Ability to calibrate and handle the instruments in
the. field and lab specially the AAS
Development of analytical skills and technical skills.
Ability of handling the results statistically.
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