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VKPC – PM#1
Training
Headbox
Introduction
1. Introduction Trainer
2. Training Schedule
Introduction of the Trainer
Toru Maruyama
Paper Machine Engineering Dept.
Training Schedule
Training Time
Breaks
Lunch
Question and Answer
Technical Data
1. Basic Design Data
2. Technical Specification
Basic Design Data – Layout data
Design widthWire width 5.950 mmUntrimmed paper width on pope 5.300 mm
Basis weightT1 (Pulp on Top) 125 - 275 gsmT2 (100% OCC) 125 - 250 gsmCM 105 - 125 gsm
Design production At PM reel max. 744 to/24hWith efficiency 100%Moisture at reel 8%Basis weight 125 gsm (Reference liner grade)
Paper Grade Liner Board (Test Liner: T1, T2)Corrugating Medium
Basic Design Data – Layout data
Reel spoolMax. parent reel diameter: 3.000 mm
Hand of machineStanding at the headbox facing the reel: Drive on right hand side
Operating speedProduction speed range 355 - 800 m/minDrive speed 900 m/minDesign speed 900 m/minBalancing speed 900 m/min
Technical Specification of HEADBOX
Top LayerUnder Top
LayerBack Layer
Headbox TypeMaster Jet II F/B
25/3-H-2LMaster Jet II F/B
33/3-B-HMaster Jet II F/B 33/3-MJ-H-SC
Flow to wire(m3/min)Flow to HC Header(m3/min)Flow to LC Header(m3/min)
20.9 – 51.822.2 – 55.1
NONE
28.6 – 44.730.8 – 48.0
NONE
28.9 – 45.225.0 – 42.5
6.5 – 6.5
Slice Width(mm)Design Speed(m/min)Production Speed(m/min)
5739900
323 - 747
Basis Weight(g/m2) 30 - 60 47 - 112 48 - 113
Description
1. Technology
2. Component
TOP Layer HEADBOX
UNDER TOP Layer HEADBOX
BACK Layer HEADBOX
Stabile Jet
Influence of jet direction
Cross profile Control- Stock consistency
Turbulence generation
Cross profile Control- Slice blade adjustment
Function of the Headbox
MasterJet F/B with directly flanged-on header
TOP Layer
MasterJet II F/B 25/3-H-2L
- PD tank (for stable pressure)- Swing Header (for easy cleaning)- Turbulence generator (for good sheet formation)- Edge Master (for stable stock on wire)- Lamella (for good sheet formation)
MasterJet F/B with directly flanged-on header
UNDER TOP Layer
MasterJet II F/B 33/3-H
- PD tank (for stable pressure)- Swing Header (for easy cleaning)- Turbulence generator (for good sheet formation)- Edge Master (for stable stock on wire)
MasterJet F/B with ModuleJet
BACK Layer
MasterJet II F/B 33/3-MJ-H-SC
- PD tank (for stable pressure)- Stilling chamber (for even profile)- Swing Back wall (for easy cleaning)- Turbulence generator (for good sheet formation)- Edge Master (for stable stock on wire)- Module Jet (for good profile)
MasterJet F/B with directly flanged-on header
Turbulence generator Slice nozzle
Slice lip
Bottom lip
HC header
(Top Layer & Under Top Layer)
Good Distribution
The parabolic header and pressure drop in turbulence generator make uniform distribution.
Ball valve
Solenoidvalve
Water line Compressed-air line
PneumaticControlcabinet
Pressurecontrolvalve
Throttlingvalve
Pressurereliefvalve
Slice-bladevalve
Overflowvessel
Supply
Lightsource
Sequence
Pulsation Damper
Reduction of pulsation in stock line
Pulsation Damper
Overflowbore
Compressed-air cushion
Suspension
Supply
Perforated-hole plate
Compressedair connection
Outlet
A evacuating compressed airB evacuating suspension
Pressure drop in perforated plate and cushion of compressed air reduce pulsation.
Compressed air and overflow keep the level automatically.
Turbulence Generatorwith exchangeable Inserts
View AView A
Insert at inletfor spec. pressure dropand micro turbulence
Micro turbulence make good sheet formation
Pictures of a Turbulence Tube Block
Turbulence generator with lamella fixing device
(Top Layer Only)
Turbulence generator Lamella
Slice lip
Bottom lip
Top-lip beam
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Lamellas in the Headbox Nozzle (Top Layer Only)
short lamella with smooth tip
long lamella with structured tip
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Lamella make stabile jet for good sheet formation
Bottom lip
Fixing bolt spacer
Bottom-lip fixing bolt
Supportingplate
Bottom lip
Installation lever
Spacer/guide plate
Rod headScrew jack
element
Bottom lip can move to adjust the Jet landing
wrong
The Problem of Jet Impingement
Jet landing point is adjusted with bottom lip extension
MasterJet F/B with ModuleJet
Slice lip
ModuleJet
LC header
HC header
Bottom lip
Slice nozzle
Turbulencegenerator
Stilling chamber
(Back Layer)
ModuleJet Unit (Back Layer only)
ModuleJet Unit mix the stock and white water to control the consistency in Headbox
ModuleJet Unit and Header
ModuleJet Valve
BW with slice
BW with dilution Control
The Problem of CD-Profile Control
BW control with Slicedisturb the jet direction
BW control with Dilutionkeep the jet direction
Misalignement of Fibers through Slilce BladeFiber orientation
TS Jet direction DS
Slice geometry
v wir
e
v wir
e
vjet
vjet
BW control with Slicedisturb the jet direction.
TelephonePowerData LinkQCS (Profiles, ...)
Power
24 VDCActuator-
Bus
CD Control
Headbox
Dilution Water
Stock
C O L-A C T-S TA -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
H S 1 H S 2 O K 1 O K 2 P SC O N S O LE
Zip Modem
SD
VOITH PAPERAUTOMATION
800 x 2000 x 800
Power Supply
Cable VPAH Supply
Cable Customer Supply
DCS
SetpointDifferential Pressure
Recirculation
PDIC
PTPT
SIC
Profilmatic M – Hardware Overview
ModuleJet valves are controled with Profilmatic M
ModuleJet – Headbox Installation
Connecting boxes( stainless steel )
PowerDistribution Boxes
Profilmatic M Profilmatic M control ModuleJet valves withProfile data from QCS
Operation
1. Start up
2. Shut down
3. Adjusting
Operational Data
Top LayerUnder Top
LayerBack Layer
Slice Opening (mm)Max. Slice Opening to service
Approx.3 - 17125
Approx.3 – 20.8125
Approx.3 - 21125
Bottom lip extension(mm) 4 – 44 4 – 44 4 – 44
ModuleJet Unit(PC) NONE NONE 89
Slice dajustment device (PC) 30 30 30
Operational Data
Top LayerUnder Top
LayerBack Layer
Total Retention (%) 0.50 – 0.87 0.63 – 0.78 0.63 – 0.78
Consistency in Headbox (%) 0.30 – 0.80 0.70 – 0.90 0.63 – 0.78
Static Head in the Nozzle(kPa) 14 - 78
Pressure drop in HB HC(kPa)Pressure drop in PD HC(kPa)Pressure drop in HB LC(kPa)
11.8 -65.94.0 – 24.7
NONE
23.4 – 57.47.7 – 18.7
NONE
48.2 – 127.16.9 – 20.1
166.5 – 232.8
Start Headbox
PrerequisitesEnsure, that all cleaning covers are closed.after longer downtime, activate the headbox heating (6 preheating hours)Ensure, that header (or back wall), and deckle plates are closed and all screws are tighten.Ensure, that manhole of PD tank are closed and hanble is tighten.Check operational reliability of limit switch of top lip beam adjustment.
Start Headbox
Adjust lip openingOpen slide valve of stock feeding pipeOpen valve of headbox recirculation pipeOpen valve of compressed air to PD tankStart LC screen (Back layer only)Start HC screenEnsure, that the former is ready-to-operateOpen shower valves Enter machine speed, jet-wire-difference, lip opening, ... into the PLS.Activate LC fan pump (Back layer only)Activate HC fan pump, when the LC-line is running stable.
Start Headbox
Check after StartCheck pressure difference at the header.Correct it, if necessary.Check stock level of PD tank. Correct it, if necessary.Check stability of the jetCheck required static head with indicated static head.If necessary, correct it.Check that the edge of jet is straight. If necessary, correct it.
Shut Down Headbox
Close slide valve of stock feeding pipeThe headbox will be flushed with white water.Stop HC fan pump after 5 minutesStop LC fan pump after 1 minute (Back layer only)Close shower valves, when the wire stopsClose slide valve of headbox feeding pipeHose down the nozzle area and the nozzleClose valve of compressed air to PD tankPreparing for longer downtime:- Empty and clean the headbox
Headbox Operation panel
Vertical adjustment
Horizontal adjustment
Slice opening is displayed on HB operation panel
Top-lip beam vertical adjustment
Hinged joint
Top-lip beam vertical adjustment
Worm shaft Slice opening is adjusted with worm jack on HB
Swiveling away the deckle plate
Measuring pin
Measuring unit for slice-opening size
determination
Deckle plateHex. boltsHinge
Sidesection
Slice opening is measured with measuring unit on deckle plate
Bottom lip extension
Top-lip beamSlice lip
Apron board
Bottom lip
l = Bottom lip extensionr = Stick downs = Slice opening
Bottom lip extension
Fixing bolt spacer
Bottom-lip fixing bolt
Supportingplate
Bottom lip
Installation lever
Spacer/guide plate
Rod headScrew jack
element
Bottom lip extension is adjusted with worm jack in HB
Display unit for the bottom lip position
Side Section
Scale
Deckle Plate
Bottom lip position is shown with scale on side section(not displayed on operation panel)
Breast roll shower
Nozzle platelets
Breast roll
Breast roll shower
Pressure-difference in Nozzle (Top and Under Top Layer)
Flushingline
Headbox Recirculation valve Recirculation line
Flushingline
Ball valveFlushing line
Pressure-differencetransmitter
Flow rotameter
Check Differential pressure with transmitter.Adjust Differential pressure with Recirculation valve.
Differential pressure in Header (Back layer Only)
ValveMeasuring
line
Three-way cock
Three-way cock
Pressure difference Sight glass
Recirculation valve
Sample-taking opening
Header
Position A: Pressure equilibrium check of pressure difference display
Position B: FlushingPosition C: Sample takingPosition D: Resting position
Check Differential pressurewith sight glass.Adjust Differential pressure with Recirculation valve.
Edge deckle “EdgeMaster”
Edge master improve the straightness of jet in edge area
Fastening and locking of nuts
Fastening bolt
Adjusting bolt(vertical lifting/lowering)
Adjusting screw(swiveling vertically)
EdgeMaster - elevation on front sideAdjusting bolt(vertical lifting
/lowering)
Adjusting screw(swiveling vertically)
Fastening bolt
ShowerEdgeMasterbottom edge
Edge protectionAdjusting screw(swiveling horizontally)
EdgeMaster
Breast roll
Adjusting bolt(vertical lifting
/lowering)Deckle plate
Sealing water distributorHose coupling
Adjustment of EdgeMaster
Basically, 3 directions of adjustment A, B and C of the EdgeMaster are possible:
Vertical lifting / lowering (A approx. ± 5 mm (approx. 0.2 inch))
Vertical swiveling (B approx. ± 4 mm (approx. 0.1575 inch) at the EdgeMaster end)Caution: Do not exceed.
Variation of the outlet width (C approx. ± 5 mm (approx. ± 0.2 inch) at the EdgeMaster end)
Slice-lip adjustment
Cup spring stuck with washer
Collar screw
Hex. nutConnector
Slice lip
Long spindle
Adjusting machine
Slice lip is adjusted with handles.
Slice lip can’t control the BW profile during ModuleJet is running.
Slice lip adjustment and Fiber orientationFiber orientation
TS Jet direction DS
Slice geometry
v wir
e
v wir
e
vjet
vjet
Slice lip is adjusted to arrange Jet direction for fiber orientation.
Ball valve
Solenoidvalve
Water line Compressed-air line
PneumaticControlcabinet
Pressurecontrolvalve
Throttlingvalve
Pressurereliefvalve
Bladevalve
Overflowvessel
Supply
Lightsource
Sequence
Pulsation Damper
Pulsation Damper
Overflowbore
Compressed-air cushion
Suspension
Supply
Perforated-hole plate
Compressedair connection
Outlet
A evacuating compressed airB evacuating suspension
Level is kept in too high→ Increase Air pressure
Level is kept in too low→ Decrease Air pressure
Up down is too big→ Close Blade valve Close Throttling valve
Maintenance
1. Change Seal
2. Change ModuleJet Valve
3. Remove Lamellas
4. Install Lamellas
Maintenance
1. Change Seal
2. Change ModuleJet Valve
3. Remove Lamellas
4. Install Lamellas
Hydraulic Unit (3 Headboxes share this one)
Long hose -Connect to the port
in tender side of each Headbox Control lever
Header (Top and Under Top layer)
Header(closed)
Flange bolt for header(flange closed: A)
Flange screw for header inserted on flange back side
(flange open: B)
Hex. nut M24 / Md = 400 Nm
Flange bolt for the turbulence generator
Sealing surfaces
Flange bolt for the turbulence generator
Hex. nut M24 / Md = 400 Nm
Hydraulic cylinder
Header(opened)
Flange for Header (Top and Under Top Layer)
Sealing surface
Flange bolt for header(flange closed: A)
Flange screw for headerinserted on flange
back side(flange open: B)
Open the header
1. Connect the hoses of hydraulic unit to port of headbox.
2. Turn hydraulic pump and set lever to close.
3. Turn out all flange bolts for the header.
4. Turn out and remove nuts.
5. Set lever of hydraulic unit to open.
Close the header
1. Connect the hoses of hydraulic unit to port of headbox.
2. Clean sealing surfaces before closing.
3. Set ever of hydraulic unit to close.
4. Pull header with nuts.
5. Insert and tighten all flange bolts for the header.
Back wall (Back layer only)
Bolts(1)
Bolts(2)
Back wall (closed)
Back wall (open)
Back-wall hinge
Distributor bar
Hydraulic cylinder
Bolts(3)
Open the back wall
1. Connect the hoses of hydraulic unit to port of headbox.
2. Turn hydraulic pump and set lever to close.
3. Turn out all bolts(1) and (2) of back wall.
4. Unscrew all bolts(3) and turn them back into distributor bar.
5. Set lever of hydraulic unit to open.
Close the back wall
1. Connect the hoses of hydraulic unit to port of headbox.
2. Clean sealing surfaces before closing.
3. Set ever of hydraulic unit to close.
4. Pull the back wall against the stop by bolts(1) and (2).
5. Insert bolt(3) and fasten them with torque 120Nm.
6. Tighten bolt(1) and (3) with torque 120Nm.
Swiveling away the deckle plate
Measuring pin
Measuring unit for slice-opening size
determination
Deckle plateHex. boltsHinge
Sidesection
Open the deckle plate
1. Remove all red hex. Bolts fir deckle plate fastening.
2. Swivel the deckle plate horizontally open. Carefully put the measuring device out from the measuring pin at top lip beam.
Close the deckle plate
1. Clean sealing surfaces before closing.
2. Close the deckle plate. Carefully insert the measuring device into the measuring pin at top lip beam.
Open the deckle plate Measuring pin
Measuring unit for slice-opening size
determination
Deckle plateHex. boltsHinge
Sidesection
Change of seals in top-lip beam, slice lip and deckle plate
Change of seals in top-lip beam, slice lip and deckle plate
Turbulence generator
Seal for the top-lip beam
Top lip beamSlice lip
Bottom lip
Apron Board
Bottom-lip seal
Seal for the turbulence generator
Open the deckle plate
Change of seals in top-lip beam, slice lip and deckle plate
1. Dismount deckle plates.
2. Pull old seals out of the grooves.
3. Clean groove bottom.
4. Bond new seals into groove bottom.
5. Install the deckle plate.
Open Header (Top and Under Top layer)
Header(closed)
Flange bolt for header(flange closed: A)
Flange screw for header inserted on flange back side
(flange open: B)
Hex. nut M24 / Md = 400 Nm
Flange bolt for the turbulence generator
Sealing surfaces
Flange bolt for the turbulence generator
Hex. nut M24 / Md = 400 Nm
Hydraulic cylinder
Header(opened)
Change of seals in header
Open Back wall (Back layer only)
Bolts(1)
Bolts(2)
Back wall (closed)
Back wall (open)
Back-wall hinge
Distributor bar
Hydraulic cylinder
Bolts(3)
Change of seals in back wall
Change of seals in header or back wall
1. Open the header or back wall.
2. Pull old seals out of the grooves.
3. Clean groove bottom.
4. Bond new seals into groove bottom.
5. Close the header or back wall.
Maintenance
1. Change Seal
2. Change ModuleJet Valve
3. Remove Lamellas
4. Install Lamellas
Open cover sheet
Support
Cover sheet
Supporting frame
Change of valve insert
Valve insert
Seal/Mounting plugConnecting bushing
Mixing chamber Screw Throttle
Distributorblock
Motor
Screw
Fork and sealing ring
(valve housing)
Sealing ring(valve rod)
Screw
Holding plate
Valve insert
Valve body
ScrewSealing ring
ModuleJet Valve Change
remove electrical plug-in connectionsloosen screws inside the fork approx. 1 turn with a hexagon socket wrench (pic. 1)
Pull out the fork to the side (pic. 2)
ModuleJet Valve Change
Remove valve insert complete with motor (pic. 3 + 4)
Insert new valve insert (the last 2-3 mm are somewhat difficult).re-insert forkTighten the screws with hexagon socket wrenchReinstall electrical plug-in connections.
Mech. Position Display
Gear Linear force: ± 500 NLinear travel: ±15 mmRev. Backlash: 0.1 mm
ProfilTronicIntelligent Motor Control
Status Display
Stepper MotorLin. travel: 0.5 mm/rev.Power: 24-28 V, 1ASteps: 200/ revolutionSpeed: 1rev./sec (200Hz)
Module Jet – Actuator LVM-3
Maintenance
1. Change Seal
2. Change ModuleJet Valve
3. Remove Lamellas
4. Install Lamellas
Open Deckle PlateMeasuring pin
Measuring unit for slice-opening size
determination
Deckle plateHex. boltsHinge
Sidesection
Remove Lamellas
Deckle Plate opened.
Turbulence generator Lamella
Slice lip
Bottom lip
Top-lip beam
Remove Lamellas
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Bring the Transport Box Lid to the Headbox
Remove Lamellas
Pull the lamellas out of the Headboxand place them on the Transport Box Lid,continuously fitting the Edge Protector.
Remove Lamellas
Lift the Lamellas out of the Transport Box Lid and place in the Shipping Case.Lift simultaneously - Avoid Deformations.
Remove Lamellas
Cleaning of Lamellas
Lamella holding unit
Lamella
Remove the suction Lifters. During the Transport remains the Edge Protector on the Lamella Tip.
Remove Lamellas
Removal/mounting of the edge protection
Lamella Edge protection
Wrap the Lamellas in their original Wrapping and store them so that they are protected.
Remove Lamellas
Maintenance
1. Change Seal
2. Change ModuleJet Valve
3. Remove Lamellas
4. Install Lamellas
Install Lamellas
Unpack the Lamella
Note: In the presentation lamellas in blue and transparent were used. Color depends on the ordered material.
Edge Protector Remains on the Lamella Tip
Install Lamellas
Installation SequenceObserve:The „first“ lamella in the nozzle is the „last“ lamella on the transport box lid.
Last lamella
First lamella
First lamella
Last lamella
Fit Suction Lifters to the Lamella
Install Lamellas
Lift the Lamella Out of the Shipping CaseLift Simultaneously - Avoid Deformations
Install Lamellas
Place Lamella on the Transport Box Lid.(Place all the lamellas in the same way on the transport box lid.)
1 Lamella
2 Transport box lid
3 Lamella
Install Lamellas
Check Direction of InstallationThe chamfer of the lamella tip points in the direction of the top-lip beam.
Install Lamellas
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Bring the Transport Box Lid to the Headbox
Install Lamellas
Pull the Lamellas out of the Transport Box Lid and push them into the Grooves.
Install Lamellas
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Install Lamellas
Continuously remove the Edge Protector while pushing in the Lamellas.
Push the Lamellas in completely to the Drive Side.
Install Lamellas
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Center Lamellas:Measure the distance from the outlet width and align them.
Install Lamellas
This picture is sample.Top layer HB has only 2 Lamella.
Troubleshooting
Contact Voith for support.
Headbox operated below minimum layout limit
§ Flushing before each shut-down
§ Cleaning procedures according to operation manual
§ Boil-out
Insufficient cleaning
Optimization of the retention-aid system with chemical supplier
Poor retention of trash/binders etc. creating agglomerates
Adapt biocide-dosage or -type
Excessive micro-biological activity
Co
nta
min
atio
n/ b
uild
-up
s/ h
ole
s o
r sp
ots
in th
e p
ap
erTroubleshooting
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Sp
inn
ing
s
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Screen-basket defect
Wrong type of screen-basket
Insufficient cleaning
§ Check screen for damages or clogging
§ Cleaning
Contact Voith for Support
§ Flushing before each shut-down
§ Cleaning-procedures according to operation manual
§ Boil-out
Troubleshooting
Contact Voith for support.
Insufficient pressure difference between LC- and HC-Header
§ Check position of slice-adjustment spindles
§ Measure slice opening profile with dial indicator
Slice lip not correctly aligned (parallel with bottom lip)
Cleaning according to operation manual
Slice lip contaminated
Change Slice-LipSlice lip damaged or deformed by excessive adjustment
Bas
is w
eigh
t-pr
ofile
def
ects
(s
ee a
lso
next
pag
e)Troubleshooting
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Scanner-measurement error
Scanner-measurement error Check Scanner-noise with a single sheet or preferably a Mylar-sample
§Check stability of retention-aid dosage§Check stability of ash dosage§Check level-stability in PM-chest§Check differential speed
at thick-stock injection§Contact Voith for engineering assistance
Consistency deviations in MD leading to problems in controlling the profile
Check inserts for cracks and gaps - possibly increasing the pressure-loss in the tubes locally
Turbulence generator insert defects
See “contaminations” aboveContamination
§Measure consistency in HC- and LC-Header§Increase retention§Check White water tank for sediments§Check engineering for back-flows
(excessive consistency in LC-Line)§Contact Voith
Insufficient consistency difference between HC and LC
Ba
sis
we
igh
t-p
rofil
e d
efe
cts
(see
als
o p
revi
ous
pa
ge)
Troubleshooting
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Constalip-hose Leakage or low pressure (For headboxes with Constalip-hose only)
§Check couplings§Check compressed-air supply§Change Hose
Operation only using short lamellas
Excessive clearance between lamella and deckle-plate due to low operation temperature
§Change wire§Check function of cleaning showers
Wire clogged or defect
Change foilsDewatering-elements (forming-board) damaged
Change Slice-LipSlice lip damaged or deformed by excessive adjustment
Jet-
dist
urba
nces
(g
ener
al)
Troubleshooting
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Slice sealing defect (side-sealing between slice-lip and deckle-plate)
§Change sealing§Remove (cut) parts of the sealing outside of the groove
Jet-
dist
urba
nces
(e
dge)
See “Jet-disturbances (general)” above
EdgeMaster clogged or poorly adjusted
§Clean EdgeMaster§Optimize EdgeMaster
See “Contamination” aboveClogging of turbulence-generator tubes
§Forming-roll vacuum low§Forming-roll clogged§(both in combination with formation defects)
Forming-roll defects (Gap-former)
Poor slice-opening alignment
§Optimize Profile through EdgeModule-adjustments§Optimize Profile through slice-lip adjustments §Contact Voith
Profile not optimized
Troubleshooting
Problem Illustration Possible Cases Solution
Speed-difference between jet and wire too low
§Perform rush/drag-trial to define the actual 0§Optimize settings§Contact Voith
Fib
er-
orie
nta
tion
pro
file
-def
ect
s
Poor forming-board alignment
Wrong flow from EdgeModule- valves
Check calibration (change) of flow-meters
Check distance between forming-board and bottom-lip (horizontally and vertically)
§Check for deviations in slice opening profile§Check straightness of the bottom-lip§Contact Voith
-10,00
-8,00
-6,00
-4,00
-2,00
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
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Position von FS / Messpunkt No.
TSO
-Win
kel [
°]
2006-11-27 2006-11-20 2006-12-04
Example of an operating curve