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Environmental conflict:The Campania case
M. Armiero Marie Curie Fellow ICTA-UAB
G. D’Alisa Ph.D, Research fellow ICTA-UAB
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Environmental conflicts as a research
focus and a methodological challenge Risk/Criticism:
Focusing on ecological conflicts the social would become preponderant, undoing all the effort put in bringing nature back in the discourse.
Why to face with this risk/criticismWe believe that this criticism is wrong and we will use the Campania case-study to demonstrate it.The issue is not to look at nature instead of society; rather the challenge is to see nature and society together, in their dialectic relationships, and the conflict can help us in doing so.
Environmental conflicts as a research
focus and a methodological challenge Opportunities 1) Nature as power matters
Conflicts will uncover power in nature. Power relationships and asymmetries are not external to nature but they are stratified into it.
2) Power as the social determined appropriation of naturePower is the mix of institutions and organizations which drives
the use of resources and territories.
Thus, conflicts do not hide nature; rather they make the complexity of nature clearer in both the general discourse and the scientific research. For instance, as we will see in our case-study, the rising of conflicts has implied to understand the metabolic connections between
the city, the countryside, and the bodies.
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Environmental conflicts as a research focus and a methodological challenge
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Environmental conflict Campania case study:Where is Campania?
Environmental conflict Campania case study: Metropolitan area of Naples
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Environmental conflict Campania case study:
Added Value (AV) and Employment (E) 2007 Istat
Campania AV 84,800.0 M€ (6%) Italia AV 1,371,833.4 M€ - Agriculture
AV=2,202.7 M€ (3%, 8%) AV= 27,925.7 M€ (2%)E= 91 m (5%) E= 1,015.3 m (4%)
- IndustryAV= 16,748.3 M€ (20%, 5%) AV= 370,805.6 M€ (27%)E= 403,4 m (22%) E= 7,172,5 m (29%)
- ServiceAV= 65,849.0 M€ (77%, 7%) AV= 973,102.1 M€ (71%)E= 1333,3 m (73%) E= 16,973.9 m (67%)1990 1996 2001
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
190 220 200
350
9201150
Agro-food industry exports in Campania
Food industry
Primary sectorM €
1 2
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%0.058
-0.175
Balance of Trade in agricolture and food indus-try 2004
Campania Italy
Environmental conflict Campania case study: EC 510/2006: PDO, PGI; EC 509/2006 TSG
1. Caciocavallo Silano2. Cipollotto Nocerino3. Fico bianco del Cilento 4. Mozzarella di Bufala Campana5. Olio extravergine di oliva Cilento6. Olio extravergine di oliva Colline Salernitane7. Olio extravergine di oliva Irpinia - Colline dell'Ufita8. Olio extravergine di oliva Penisola Sorrentina9. Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio10. Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnee-nocerino11. Provolone del Monaco12. Olio extravergine di oliva Terre Aurunche13. Ricotta di Bufala Campana14. Castagna di Serino15. Oliva di Gaeta
1. Carciofo di Paestum2. Castagna di Montella3. Limone Costa d'Amalfi4. Limone di Sorrento5. Marrone di Roccadaspide6. Melannurca Campana7. Nocciola di Giffoni8. Vitellone Bianco dell'Appennino Centrale9. Suino Napoli10. Noce di Sorrento11. Pasta di Gragnano12. Torrone di Benevento13. Torroncino croccantino di San Marco dei
Cavoti
1. Mozzarella2. Pizza napoletana
RegistredApplied
Environmental conflict Campania case study:
Milestones • 1994 – Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom. The landfills are
said to be full, even if we actually do not have any data on the capacity of the landfills. Campania region felt under an emergency legal framework which a special agency deputed to solve the crisis, which has squandered about 2 billion euros. (Shock Doctrine)
• 1998 – Let the worst be the winner and the beginning of storing the coffer. The public tender for the construction and management of the waste facilities and treatment was won by the FIBE on the basis of : cost, and speed of delivering. They start to store the combustible waste blocks which guarantee large subsidies by the state.
• 2004 - The triangle of death and the square of the beating-up. A group of researchers published on Lancet oncology an essay titled The triangle of death in which they argued that there was a correlation between the illegal dumps and the diffusion of some kind of tumors in Campania. The same year a huge march of protest held in Acerra against the incinerator was violently repressed by the police
Environmental conflict Campania case study:
Milestones• 2007 – An international icon. Pictures of Naples flooded with
garbage went all around the world. The US consul in Naples suggested his fellow Americans not to come for sanitary reasons. Internationalization as strategy? In the same year Saviano’s Gomorrah was translated in English
• 2009 – Tanks against garbage. Government issued a special law de facto suspending the ordinary laws in Campania, in terms of both social dissent and environmental protection. On one hand waste facilities became military sites, on the others those facilities can be opened in Campania notwithstanding the
provisions in force both at national and EU levels.
EC Campania case study Milestones 1: Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom
F l u s s o d i R i f i u t i U r b a n i p r o - c a p i t e
0 , 6 9 4
0 ,5 4 0
0 ,4 1 4
0 , 3 0 0
0 , 3 5 0
0 , 4 0 0
0 , 4 5 0
0 , 5 0 0
0 , 5 5 0
0 , 6 0 0
0 , 6 5 0
0 , 7 0 0
0 , 7 5 0
1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7
(ton/g)/ab
T O S C A N A
E M I L I A
U M B R I A
L I G U R I A
L A Z I O
A O S T A
M A R C H E
I T A L I A
S I C I L I A
P U G L I A
A B R U Z Z O
S A R D E G N A
P I E M O N T E
L O M B A R D I A
F R I U L I
C A M P A N I A
V E N E T O
T R E N T I N O
C A L A B R I A
M O L I S E
B A S I L I C A T A
Waste production per capitaT
on\ y
EC Campania case study Milestones 1: Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom
F lu s s o d i R ifi u t i U r b a n i
4 .9 3 2 .2 6 0
3 .3 5 9 .5 4 4
1 .6 2 7 .3 7 7
0
1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
2 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
3 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
4 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
5 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7
ton/a
L O M B A R D I A
L A Z I O
E M I L I A
C A M P A N I A
S I C I L I A
T O S C A N A
V E N E T O
P I E M O N T E
P U G L I A
I T A L I A
L I G U R I A
C A L A B R I A
M A R C H E
S A R D E G N A
A B R U Z Z O
F R I U L I
U M B R I A
T R E N T I N O
B A S I L I C A T A
M O L I S E
V A LL E D 'A O S T A
Total Waste productionT
on/y
EC Campania case study Milestones 1: Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom
Density Production of Waste D e n s i t à d i P r o d u z i o n e ( R I )
4 9 1 , 8 0
2 8 4 , 4 7
1 8 3 , 1 6
3 8 , 3 7
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7
(kg/g)/km2
C A M P A N I A
L A Z I O
L I G U R I A
L O M B A R D I A
P U G L I A
S I C I L I A
E M I L I A
T O S C A N A
M A R C H E
I T A L I A
V E N E T O
C A L A B R I A
A B R U Z Z O
P I E M O N T E
U M B R I A
F R I U L I
S A R D E G N A
M O L I S E
B A S I L I C A T A
T R E N T I N O
V A L L E D ' A O S T A
EC Campania case study Milestones 1: Welcome to the Waste Emergency Kingdom
Density Production of Waste
D en s ità d i P ro d u z io n e ( R I ) - P r im e 1 0 P r o v in c e
3 4 6 2 ,1 0
1 4 0 6 ,2 9
3 8 9 ,0 5
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 5 0 0
4 0 0 0
1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7
(kg/g)/km2
N AP OL I
M I LAN O
T R I E S T E
R O M A
P R A T O
R I M I N I
G E N O VA
C AT AN I A
C AS E R T A
B AR I
EC Campania case study Milestones 2 Let the worst be the winner and the
beginning of storing the coffer.
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Worst Available
Technology
Competing tenders Option
0
Best Available
Technology
Competing tenders
Criteria Official Weights FIBE
Forster Wheeler FIBE
Equal Weights FIBE
Forster Wheeler
Price (lire/kg) Pa = 45 83 110 83 Pa = 25 83 110 Speed (days) Pb = 35 300 395 300 Pb = 25 300 395
Technical proficiency
Pc = 10 7,4 8,6 0 Pc = 25 7,4 8,6
Technical value
Pd = 10 4,2 8,6 0 Pd = 25 4,2 8,6
Total 31,63 17,2 19,4 41 43
EC Campania case study Milestones 2 Let the worst be the winner and the
beginning of storing the coffer.The Italian Government guarantees large
subsidies to be financed by a 7% increase in electricity bills.
Operators were therefore guaranteed a constant stream of revenue as the government subsidized energy production from waste incineration (70 € per Mw of energy produced in 2009). Hence, the biggest planned incinerator, in Acerra ( municipality in the north of Naples) with a foreseen 107 Mw capacity would generate a revenue about 100 M€ per year
The amount of accumulated combustible waste across Campania is today estimated at 7 million tons, equivalent to one billion Euros to be potentially generated from combustion
EC Campania case study Milestones 3: The triangle of death and the square of the
beating-up
The Lancet Oncology (Senior and Mazza, 2004).
Table 4: Production of industrial and hazardous waste (tons), year 2005 (source: APAT)
Campania Italy
Total 4.344.318 108.444.544
Per capita 0.75 1.82
In Campania
4% of total Special waste
even if
6% of Total Added Value of Italy
EC Campania case study Milestones 3: The triangle of death and the square of the
beating-up
2005 Italy
a) Urban waste : 31.663.458 ton
b) Special waste: 109.556.697 ton
Basura Total Italia 2005
78%
22%
BasuraUrbana
Basuraespecial
Basura Total Italia 2005 legalmente y ilegalmente
22%
14%64%
Basura Urbana
Basura especialdesaparecida
Basura especiallegalmente tractada
19.700.000 ton = 5 billion €
EC Campania case study Milestones 3: The triangle of death and the square of the
beating-up“The garbage is gold”
(quotation from a telephone call between Camorra’s affiliates intercepted by the police)
Illegal disposal of toxic waste and the crisis of the urban waste disposal are connected in two ways:
• it is a matter of trust (people do not trust the local government which has allowed the dumping of any kind of materials in the landfills)
• the inquiries on the illegal traffic of waste have often driven to the shutting down of landfills not properly managed.
EC Campania case study Milestones 3: The triangle of death and the square of the
beating-up
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Conclusion
The standard narrative aboutgarbage in Naples has been this one from the NYT
“In theory, a permanent solution is not difficult, and has been proposed by an emergency commission: greater recycling and the opening of several incinerators and new dumping sites in Naples and the neighboring provinces. But as has happened in several of the identified towns over the last two weeks, local people protest loudly.” (Peter Kiefer, “In Mire of Politics and the Mafia, Garbage Reigns”, NYT, May 31, 2007)
New York Times May 31, 2007
Conclusion
We want to built an alternative narrative:
The garbage crisis is the byproduct of the merging between neo-liberal political agenda (Privatization via illegitimate and inconsistent tender), a successful cost shifting (via business between corporate and camorra)
In Campania case the driving force of the uses of resources and territories becomes evident (Government, Corporate and camorra i.e. Power as the social determined appropriation of nature)
Conclusions
The conflicts over garbage are not the problem but the solution. The links connecting bodies, land, and goods become visible through conflicts and give birth to possible alternative.The struggle of the people because of their increasing illness (Triangle of death), because of the destroying of agriculture economies and landscape (pyramid of ecoballe and the dying sheep).
Allow to see the nature as the power matter.