http://www.earthday.org/about/annualreport.stm

Catalyst for Change

Global Warming

Cost of Oil National Security

Healthy Future

Agenda• Ride Clean

• Ride Less

• Ride Together

• Climate & Energy Security

• Future Multimodal Fun

Ride Cleaner

• Share the Gas Miser

• Eco-Driving

• Electric Vehicles

• Plug-in Hybrids

• Riding on Sunlight

• Biofuels

Share the Gas Miser

4 Tons CO2 12 Tons CO2

2009 Vehicles with Lowest GHG

1. Toyota Prius

2. Honda Civic Hybrid

3. Honda Insight

4. Ford Fusion Hybrid

5. smart fortwo

6. Nissan Altima Hybrid

7. Honda Civic CNG

8. Toyota Camry Hybrid

9. Ford Escape Hybrid

10. Mini Cooper and Clubman

Report details at www.cleanfleetreport.com

Eco-Driving

• 24% Solution = $1,000/year

• 65 mph Vs. 80 mph

• Tires – inflated and low resistance

• Tune-up

• Remove the rack

• Lighten up

Electric Vehicles• 40,000 EV in USA• Efficiency 67% EV Vs. 15% ICE• 25 miles & 25 mph limits for LEV• Tesla Freeway speed & 240 mile range• 2010 Freeway-Speed

– Nissan– Chrysler– TH!NK– BYD– More

• Charge overnight in garage• Fast charging alternatives• Lack of charging standards and

infrastructure

Asian Electric Vehicles

80 Million Battery Electric Vehicles

Electric Two Wheelers (ETW)

Over 1,000 Light Electric Vehicles 3 and 4 Wheel

China E2W Revolution

THE NISSAN EV

All the feature customers have come to expect:

Compact Car Size

Space For 5 People

100-Mile Range Advanced

SafetyFeatures

Plug-in Hybrids• Conversion momentum

– AQMD– Google– NY City– Delivery Vehicles– Heavy Vehicles

• Automakers 2010– Toyota Prius– GM Volt– Chrysler Jeep, Town & Country– Fisker– Aptera

• Use of existing fueling infrastructure

• High battery demands

GM October 2007 Presentation

CLEAN ENERGY SUPPLY

Ability to reduce CO2 emission to almost zero by using solar, wind, and other renewables.

CO

2 e

mis

sio

n o

f E

V(C

onsi

deri

ng p

rese

nt

gaso

line v

ehic

le a

s 100

)

100

80

60

40

20

0Gasoline Vehicle

EV

Current Average

Riding on Sunlight

High GrowthRenewable Energy

Renewable Energy Cost Trends

Wind

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

PV

CO

E c

en

ts/k

Wh

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

40

30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

CO

E c

en

ts/k

Wh

10

8

6

4

2

0

70

60

50

40

30

2010

0

15

12

9

6

3

0

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.

FUTURE INTELLIGENT GRID (V2G/V2H)

Key attributes: compatibility and functionality

EfficientBuildingSystems

UtilityCommunications

DynamicSystemsControl

DataManagement

DistributionOperations

DistributedGeneration& Storage

EVs/PHEVs

Smart End-UseDevices

AdvancedMetering

Consumer Portal& Building EMS

InternetRenewables

PV

ControlInterface

Hydrogen Fuel Cell EV

Fuel CellHICE

Trucks Buses

Renewable to Byproduct Hydrogen

Solar & REC Electrolysis Onsite CNG Reformation

LH2 DeliveredPipelined Byproduct

GM October 2007 Presentation

Ethanol• 2000 = 1 billion gallons• 2020 = 30 billion gallons• E10 Momentum• E100 Success in Brazil • Flex-Fuel Vehicle (FFV) =

easy compliance EPAC & other “green” requirements

• Corn prices jump 60% in 2 years

Future: Fuel from wood and waste not food and haste

Cost Competitive Challenge: scalability from lab to 100,000,000 gallons/year plant• Cost reduction: water, land, fertilizer, nitrogen

• Integration with existing wood & paper plants

• Process breakthroughs: purification, conversion, gasification, efficiency

• CO2 sequestration: poplar, grasses, algae

• 10X biomass/acre (e.g. energy cane)

• 100X yield/acre (e.g. algae)

• No new infrastructure – biodiesel, biogasoline, biocrude

• Pipeline delivery

Pyrolisis

Mixalco Process

GlycerinNatural Oils

BioDiesel (FAME or FAEE)

Methanol/Ethanol

Gasification

Syngas

Fermentation Ethanol/Butanol

BTL Diesel

Mixed Higher Alcohol

MethaneMicrobial cultures

Dimethylfuran

Gasoline, Diesel, Hydrocarbons

Ethanol, Butanol, Renewable Petroleum FermDiesel

Sugars/

Starch

Fermentation

Biogasoline

ETG via catalysis

Biomass

Cellulose/ Hemicellulo

se

Acid or Enzyme Hydrolysis

Saccharification

Ethanol

Algae

+ Sunlight – CO2

Cell Mass

Hydrocracking

Waste

Fischer-Tropspch catalysis

BioDiesel (FAME or FAEE)

Catalytic Conversion

ButanolDiese

l

Transesterification

Catalysis and Aqueous phase Reforming

Fermentation

Catalytic Conversion

Ethanol

Feed

Cost

Feedstock Supply Volume

Increasing Technological

DifficultyBiooil

Khosla Ventures: scalability

Cellulosic Ethanol

DuPont Danisco Tenn 20 SwitchgrassGulf Coast Energy Florida 25 Woody biomassMascoma Michigan 40 Woody biomassPoet Iowa 25 Corn cobsRange Fuels Georgia 20 Wood wasteVerenium-BP Florida 36 Energy cane,

sorghumEnerkem Miss 20 Municipal waste

GHG Source-to-Wheels Debate

California Global Warming Intensity at Wheel (g CO2e/MJ)Fuel Production GREET

Gasoline Oil Refined 92

Diesel ULSD Refined 71

Diesel Coal-to-Liquid 167

Biodiesel Midwest Soy 30

Ethanol Corn with Coal Electricity 114

Ethanol Cellulosic from Poplar Trees -12

Electricity California Average 27

CNG North American Pipelined 79

Hydrogen Onsite CH4 Reformed 48

Hydrogen Biomass & Pipeline Delivery 22

USMC Camp Pendleton Fleet

300+ Solar Charged EV

Hydrogen Future

5 Million Gallons B20

JP8 Tactical

Cleantech-Biotech Opportunities• Materials

• Nanotech

• Batteries

• Electric Drive Systems

• Smart Charging

• Vehicles

• Synthetic Biology

• Advanced Biofuels

• Solar

• Wind

• Smart Grid

• V2G

• System Integration

Ride Less

• Flexible Work

• Web Conference not Fly

• Get a Better Job

• Urban Demographic Shift

Americans Reduce VMT for 16 Months

Walk

Healthy

Mentally Healthy

Ride Together

Public TransitRide Share

Rail

98% of U.S. Commuters Favor Public

Transportation for Others

- headline in the Onion

Last Miles To-From Commuter Express

• Google Maps• Rideshare to Bus Stop• Walk• Bicycle• Bicycle Share• E-Bike• EV• Shuttles• Guaranteed Ride Home

Car-light and Carefree

• Walk More

• Bike More

• Sharing One Car

• Car-Free and Carefree

Universities & Colleges

Bicycle Public Transit

Car SharingGPS

Save the Planet

1. Build on Existing Success2. Renewable Energy3. Hybrids to Electric Vehicles4. 4 Million Govt Vehicles MPG & EV5. Invest in Public Transportation6. High-Speed Rail Connected Cities7. Multimodal Fast & Cheap8. Sustainable Communities9. 5,000,000 Green Jobs10. U.S. Leadership in Global Climate

Agreement

San Diego

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Our Hope, Our Legacy, Our Future

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