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Presentation by Peter Christensen at Drive Oregon Monthly event, on November 7, 2013.
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November 11, 2013
Electric Vehicle Adaption: EV Projects at PNNL
PETER CHRISTENSEN Manager, Technology Commercialization
PNNL-SA-99291
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
! Offices located across the state ! Collaborators across government,
industry, academia working to solve client challenges
! U.S. Department of Energy’s top-performing laboratory for 5 years
FY12 Facts ! $1B in R&D expenditures ! More than 4,400 staff ! 2000+ users & visiting
scientists ! 1,041 peer-reviewed
publications ! 44 patents & 176 inventions
2
Expanding campus, growing capabilities
EIOC @ PNNL
Electric Infrastructure Operations Center
Today’s Grid can supply 70% of our daily driving energy
Summary u Midwest:
support almost the entire LDV fleet
u East: somewhat smaller potential
u West: supports fewer vehicles
% figures denote the percentage of LDV fleet supported by idle electric capacity
Nighttime Charging
Only (hrs 18 – 6)
Daytime + Nighttime Charging (0 – 24 hrs)
NWP
AZN & RMP
CNV
18% 10%
66% 39%
23% 15%
80%
45%
52% 31%
57% 34%
ERCOT
100%
73% SPP SERC
MAIN ECAR
127%
73%
78% 46%
NPCC(US)
86% 49%
MAPP
105%
57% 104%
61%
Increased Sales of Electricity from PHEVs Produce Downward Pressure on Electricity Rates*
Utility Cost of Service, By Element of Cost
Fixed Distribution, $12.54
Fixed Power Supply, $23.66 Fixed Power Supply,
$21.43
Variable Power Supply, $15.80
Variable Power Supply, $15.84
Fixed Distribution, $14.25
$0.00
$10.00
$20.00
$30.00
$40.00
$50.00
$60.00
BEFORE AFTER
Cincinnati Gas and Electric Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Dol
lars
per
MW
h
Variable Distribution
Fixed Distribution
VariableTransmission
Fixed Transmission
Variable PowerSupply
Fixed Power Supply
$54.26 $50.2
7
kWh Produced
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Costs/MWh with PHEV Valley Filling
Increased sales
MW Capacity, Capital Investment Same
infrastructure, same capital investment
+
= $/kWh
Lower electricity
rates Before After
Before After
Before After
* analyzes of Cincinnati Gas & Electric and San Diego Gas & Electric
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
01234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
Perfect Valley Filling ECAR Summer Load Profile
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hour
MW
Numbers of Charging Cars
-1234
16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mill
ions
of c
ars
Hour
Charge each PHEV: 1.4 kW charge (120V, 12A) for 7 hours=10 kWh
0
PNNL Grid-Friendly Charger Controller
! With communications as part of the AGC control ! Provision of regulation services to minimize ACE ! Requires high update rates via SCADA network
! Without communications ! Based on frequency deviations from nominal AC frequency
! Provision of frequency bias portion of ACE ! Extremely low-cost
Secondary Transformer Loading (Selected Utilities in PNW)
PHEV Charge Profile (EPRI)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour
kW
PHEV Charge Profile (Quick Charging)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23Hour
kW
Transformer Loaded Capacity for Various PHEV PenetrationsEPRI Charging Profile
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0% 20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
>200
%
Percent Loaded Capacity
Per
cent
age
of T
rans
form
ers
Base Load50% Penetration100% Penetration200% Penetration
Transformer Loaded Capacity for Various PHEV Penetrations240V Quick Charge Charging Profile
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0% 20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
200%
>200
%
Percent Loaded Capacity
Per
cent
age
of T
rans
form
ers
Base Load50% Penetration100% Penetration200% Penetration
Emissions intensity (ton CO2/MWh) impacts. Only from electricity generation
10
NWP
AZN&RMP
CNV
NPCC(US)(US)
! Regions with clean generation (CNV, NWP) will likely increase emissions intensity because vehicle load is met with fossil generation
! Midwestern regions (ECAR, MAIN, MAPP, etc.) show a slight reduction because of the additional natural gas generation
Emissions results present mixed message: • for some not much difference between day- and night-charging • for others lower emissions at night because of higher efficiency of
combined cycle versus combustion turbine plants
A4: home, A5: home and work (day), A6: home after 22:00 (night)
-‐ 2.0% -‐ 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 9.0%
Change in CO2 intensity
A4
A5
A6 -‐2.0%
-‐1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
Change in CO2 intensity
A4
A5
A6
November 11, 2013 11
Ben Franklin Transit all-electric bus
November 11, 2013 12
Ben Franklin Transit all-electric bus
Diesel Bus Cost: 425K
100-‐150 mi/day $37,700/yr fuel 1.03¢/mi all in
Electric Bus Cost: 525K 120 mi/day
$2,400/yr fuel 0.007¢/mi all in
VS
V2G½: Load can provide regulation services
13
V2G • provides regulation
service as a load and generator
• requires charging and discharging according to grid operators signal
Max. charging (7.2 kW = 240V*30A)
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
char
ging
di
scha
rgin
g
Capacity value (-7.2 to 7.2=14.4kW)
Max. charging (7.2 kW)
Attribute of “V2G½”: • provides regulation service with ½ the capacity value of V2G • however, less than half the cost because
• no interconnection gear with grid necessary because no electricity goes back into grid • removes any uncertainties regarding battery life reduction because of extra cycling
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
char
ging
di
scha
rgin
g
Capacity value (0 to 7.2=7.2 kW)
V2G½ • provides regulation
service as a load only • requires only charging • modulates charging Never discharge !
Frequency regulation with smart loads (EVs and water heaters)
November 11, 2013 14
November 11, 2013 15
Doing Business with PNNL
CRADA
• Cost share with DOE
• Option to exclusive rights to foreground IP
WFO
• Fund research
• Keep the IP
• With strings
ACT
• Fund research
• Negotiate IP
• Fewer strings
Direct Licensing of Existing IP
• Patents and
technologies available for licensing
Availabletechnologies.pnnl.gov
Questions?
