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Ergonomics for the
"General Practitioner"
Cindy Burt, MS, OTR/L, CPE
Injury Prevention Program Manager
UCLA
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Learning Objectives
o Define ergonomics
o Identify high return interventions
o Sell ergonomics
History of Ergonomicso Industrial Revolution
o Steel industry (shovels)
o Henry Fordo Assembly line design
o Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth o Micro-motion studies (i.e.
today’s surgical techniques)
History of Ergonomicso World Wars
o Aircraft, weapon design
o Cold Waro Nuclear power
plants
o Todayo Industry, hospitals,
offices, product design
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Ergonomics TodayMatching the job, work tools, and workplace
to the worker.
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Ergonomics
Employee Concerns– Comfort – Fatigue– Injuries– Job satisfaction
• Decreased boredom• Decreased stress• Reasonable workloads
Employer Concerns– Worker’s comp costs– Productivity – Errors– Products– Profit
Results of Poor Ergonomic Design
o Discomfort and fatigueo Injuries and accidents
Musculoskeletal Disorders
o Neckso Backs o Arm and hando Knee and foot
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What Causes These Injuries?
Force
Personal Environment
Posture
Repetition
Risk Factors
Poor Ergonomics
o Decreased efficiency
o Decreased productivity
o Errors
Poor Ergonomic Design
o Turnover
o Absenteeism
o Job avoidance
How Do I Get Started?
o Pick your fights
o Sell your service
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What Should I Look For?
Awkward postures
Repetition
Force
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Where Should I Look?
Offices and Telecommuters
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Where Should I Look?
Laboratories
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Where Should I Look?
Hospitals
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Where Should I Look?
Facilities
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Where Should I Look?
Shops
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Where Should I Look?
Grounds
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Where Should I Look? o Housekeeping
o Dining
o Housing
o Student stores
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What Can Ergonomics Do?
• ↓ discomfort
• ↓ accidents and injuries
• ↑ accuracy
• ↑ efficiency
• ↑ satisfaction
• ↑ job retention
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How Do I Start?
Identify problems– Complaints of discomfort– Symptom surveys– Near misses– Accidents– Injuries– Errors– High turnover
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What Tools Can I Use?
• Anthropometry tables
• Body discomfort maps
• Hazard check lists
• NIOSH Lifting Equation
• Washington Ergonomics Lifting Calculator
What is Anthropometry?Measurement of people
o Match size and strength with work environment and tools
Why Does Match Matter? o Average is not good enough
o Need to consider reaches and clearances
Who Should We Match?o Central 90 percent
o Disregard extreme body sizes
o Try to fit males/females from 20-65 yrs
What is the Golden Rule?
Design so the small
woman can reach, and
the large man can fit.
S.
Konz
What Rule Would You Use Here?
Design so the small
woman can reach, and
the large man can fit.
S.
Konz
What Rule Would You Use Here?
Design so the small woman can reach, and
the large man can fit.
Accommodating Reach • How low can we
place materials these workers have to reach?
• How high can a shelf be placed holding work materials?
Golden Rule: Place objects between knee and shoulder height.
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How Do I Make a Quick Impact?
Computer workstations – On-line training – Ergo evaluators
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How Do I Make a Quick Impact?
Reduce lifting– Lifting equipment – Job redesign
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Manual Materials Handling
o Golden rule– Eliminate lifts
o When you can’t– Keep it off the floor– Reduce lifts
• Conveyors, dollies• Adjust work flow
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Making a Difference
If they have to lift, teach them how!– High risk groups first– Then campus-wide
How Should You Lift?
Stoop
SquatSemi-squat
Stoopo Can get close to load
o Less effort and energy than squatting
o Fast
….but it increases strain on low back
Squat
Limits strain on low back
….but it is difficult to keep load close
….requires increased effort and energy
….and it is inefficient
Semi-Squat Lift
o Less work
o Preferred for lifting heavy objects on occasional basis
Squat and Semi-Squat Liftso More protective of back
o Preferred by injured workers
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There are no “right” or “correct” ways to sit, stand or
lift....
However, there are more and less demanding ways!
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Keep It Simple o Staggered stance o Keep it close
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Keep It Simple o Build a Bridge o Feet first
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Build a Team
o Ergonomisto Safety professionalso Health care team o Risk managemento Rehab counselorso Facilities/Designo Purchasingo Managerso Employees
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It’s all about dollars…o Average cost /CTS
claim = $37,552 or…
o Average cost /back injury = $47,954 or…
WC Research Institute for CA Claims
1,565 pizzas (1 pizza/week for 30 years)
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Prove Your Value!
For every direct dollar spent–OSHA estimates
»$3-7 indirect dollars spent
–Liberty Mutual estimates»$2-5 indirect dollars spent
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MSD Costs
Injury Type Direct Costs
Indirect Costs Total Costs
CTS $17,000 $350/lost day $11-112,000
Neck/back strain
$32,000 $350/lost day $38-225,000
UCLA statistics
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Cost Justification - Injuries
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Cost Justification
Benefits of Ergonomics
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Cost Justification - Regulatory
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It’s the Law!CA Code of Regulations 5110 Repetitive Motion
Injurieso Scope– 2 injuries within 12 months– Identical work activity
o Response– Worksite evaluation– Exposure control and training
o Training requirements– Review ergonomics program– Exposures– Symptoms/injuries and reporting guidelines– Methods used to minimize repetitive motion injuries
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Useful References
o Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, 3rd Edition. National Safety Council Pgs. 283-334
o Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2nd Edition. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pgs. 702-765
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Useful Referenceso The Occupational Environmental – Its
Evaluation and Control, 2nd Edition, AIHA, Section 4, The Human Environment at Work.
o Kodak’s Ergonomic Design for People at Work, 2nd Edition, Chengalur, Rodgers and Bernard, 2004.
o Fitting the Task to the Human, 5th Edition, Kroemer & Grandjean, 1997.
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Useful Internet Sites www.ergonomics.ucla.edu
www.me.berkeley.edu/ergo/
www.uhs.berkeley.edu/facstaff/ergonomics/index.shtml
www.llnl.gov/ergo/welcome.html
www.busserv.ucsb.edu/irp/ergo/tsr.htm
ehs.ucsc.edu/safety/ergonomics.php
blink.ucsd.edu/Blink/External/Topics/Policy/0,1162,4008,00.html
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Useful Internet Sites
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/
www.3m.com/cws/selfhelp/index.html
www.pc.ibm.com/ww/healthycomputing
www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/REU/REU_WhatsNew.html
www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computerworkstations/index.html
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Useful Internet Sites
www.niehs.nih.gov/odhsb/ergoguid/home.htm
www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Topics/Ergonomics/default.asp
www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/
www.bcpe.org (Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics)
www.hfes.org (Human Factors Society)
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Thank you!
Cindy Burt, MS, OTR/L, CPE
UCLA Injury Prevention Program Manager
501 Westwood Plaza 4th Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1605
www.ergonomics.ucla.edu
310-794-5329
