27
Re-inventing mobility: The emerging electric car technologies Bernadette Gruber Corinna Mitterhuber KS „Energy and Sustainable Development “ Mai 2011

electric cars-sagar

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: electric cars-sagar

Re-inventing mobility:The emerging electric car technologies

Bernadette GruberCorinna Mitterhuber

KS „Energy and Sustainable Development “Mai 2011

Page 2: electric cars-sagar

Contents

Historical development of electric cars

General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric car Comparison with a combustion engine Storage systems of electric cars Hybrid propulsion

Page 3: electric cars-sagar

Contents

Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability Energy economical aspects of electric cars Market development of electric car technologies

Application possibilities for electric vehicles

Conclusion & Outlook

Page 4: electric cars-sagar

Historical development of electric cars

Early Years of Electric Cars: 1890 - 1930 First electric vehicle invented in 1828 Many innovations followed The interest in electric cars increased greatly in the late

1890s and early 1900s First real and practical electric car (with capacity for

passengers) designed by William Morrison 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle

Company of Chicago

Figure: 1902 Wood's Electric Phaeton(Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011).

Page 5: electric cars-sagar

Historical development of electric cars

Decline of Electric Cars: 1930 – 1990 The electric car declined in popularity because of the

following reasons: Better system of roads need for longer-range vehicles Reduction in price of gasoline gasoline was affordable to the

average consumer Invention of the electric starter disposed of the need for the hand

crank. Initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine

vehicles by Henry Ford.

Page 6: electric cars-sagar

Historical development of electric cars The mid-1930s until the 1960s: dead years for electric

vehicle development and for their application as personal transportation

In the 1960s and 1970s: imperative necessity for alternative-fueled vehicles renewed interest on electric vehicles

The first electric truck, the Battronic Truck, constructed in the early 1960s.

The companies Sebring-Vanguard and Elcar Corporation = leaders in the electric car production

Page 7: electric cars-sagar

Historical development of electric carsThe Revival: 1990s Efforts by the governments to more stringent air

emissions requirements and regulations requiring reductions in gasoline use and Zero Emission Vehicle requirements from several states revival

Electric conversions of familiar gasoline powered vehicles as well as electric vehicles designed from the ground up became available (reached highway speeds with ranges of 50 to 150 miles between recharging)

Since 2001: Phoenix designs fully functional electric trucks and Sport Utility Vehicle for commercial fleet use

Figure: Phoenix Motorcar(Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011).

Page 8: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric cars Core elements: battery, electric motor, plug- in system,

differential Efficiency ratio is close to 90 percent needed energy

depends on battery (type, age, temperature), the way of charging and the general construction of motor and car itself

Maximum power of the motor is reached from standstill, leads to “smooth” way of driving

Possibility to use energy of break application to refeed it into battery

Page 9: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Comparison with a combustion engine powered car

Providing energy: E-cars get energy out of battery Conventional car gets energy out of combustion engine

Efficiency ratio: Electric motor: close to 90 percent Combustion engine: 25-30 percent

In case of e-car mature efficiency losses occur during electricity production

Page 10: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Comparison with a combustion engine powered car

Emissions: E-car: Occur during electricity production; positive for e.g fine

dust Combustion engine: emissions occur during driving

Electric cars produce much less noise than combustion engine powered cars

Electric cars have no gearbox

Page 11: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Combustion engine powered car:Electric car:

Fuel system is on the back side, where it transmits power to the gearbox, which powers the wheels

Battery is stored at back side, where it transmits the energy to the electric motor which powers the wheels

Figure: Coparison convential car/ electric car (Electrification Coalition 2009)

Page 12: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Storage systems for electric cars

Lead acid batteries no essential role for powering electric vehicles

Nickel cadmium batteries Inferior to new technologies due to low energy density and high

toxicity

Nickel metal hydride batteries Very high energy density, good efficiency-to- size-ratio, very long

lasting and unproblematic in terms of safety BUT very high price for raw materials

Lithium ion batteries

Page 13: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Lithium ion batteries:

most promising storage technology for electric vehicles

Advantages: Highest energy density of all battery systems operating at room

temperature lower number of cells needed 20-30 percent lighter than nickel cadmium batteries No memory effect

Disadvantages: In case of destruction toxic gases and flammable material can

occur Very expensive

Page 14: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Hybrid propulsion:

Combination technology between combustion engine and electric engine

In parallel hybrid systems both engines power the shaft In series hybrid systems the combustion engine is

powering a generator which transmits energy to the electric motor

In combined hybrid systems one can change between parallel and series propulsion

Page 15: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Hybrid propulsion Hybrid-electric vehicle:

Either parallel, series or combined system

Contains liquid fuel tank and battery

No plug-in system for charging the battery external

Figure: Hybrid-electric-vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009)

Page 16: electric cars-sagar

General concept of electric cars

Hybrid propulsion Plug-in hybrid vehicle:

Either series or combined system

Contains an on-board generator

Possible to run as sole electric vehicle through plug-in for external charging of batteryFigure: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

(Electrification Coalition 2009)

Page 17: electric cars-sagar

Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability: Electric vehicles of the middle

class with range of about 150 km: 10,000 to 15,000 euro

Very low operating costs Daimler: sells its future e-cars

quickly profitably hopes for a start-up funding from the Federal Government

In many countries: purchase of e-cars remunerated by subsidies

Figures: Costs of vehicles (2010 and 2030)(Kloess et al., 2009: 4,5)

Page 18: electric cars-sagar

Economic aspects of e-carsEnergy economical aspects of

e-cars: Construction of a corresponding

charging infrastructure (charging stations)

In Austria: 2,600 electric service stations (May 2010)

To recharge 15 to 20 kWh, which a small car on 100 kilometres requires, lasts via a normal household outlet from six to eight hours.

Figure : Charging station for electric cars(Mennekes, http://www.mennekes.de/web/, 10.05.2011).

Figure: Uniform charging connector(Mennekes,http://www.mennekes.de/web, 10.05.2011).

Page 19: electric cars-sagar

Economic aspects of e-cars

The electric propulsion: efficiency = about 90%

Electric propulsion is principally as "clean" as the energy source

A photovoltaics-carport (solar service station) considered as a charging station of electric cars for the future Figure :Photovoltaics-carport as a charging station of electric

cars(Das Photovoltaik Portal, http://www.photovoltaiko.de/, 09.05.2011).

Page 20: electric cars-sagar

Economic aspects of e-cars

Market development of electric car technologies: Market for e-cars still depend on direct subsidies, tax

subsidizations or on clearly higher fuel prices According to the most probable scenario: in 2020

26 % of new cars in China, Japan, the USA and Western Europe could have electric or hybrid propulsion

Challenges for the electric car market: energy storage capacities, recharge times, infrastructure requirements, costs of the batteries,…

Without any technological breakthrough: the range of an electric car will furthermore amount to only 250 to 300 km.

At the present time: automotive corporations cooperate closely with manufacturers of electric car batteries

Page 21: electric cars-sagar

Economic aspects of e-cars In 2009: global electric

vehicle market = more than 26 billion dollars worth & probably grows at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.5% between 2010 and 2015

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles-segment probably increase at a CAGR of 81.6%

The hybrid electric vehicles market: CAGR of 19.1%

Figure: Summary figure – electric vehicle shipments and value by configuration from 2005 to 2015 (Concensus scenario) (in $ Millions)(Bcc Research, http://www.bccresearch.com/report/electric-vehicles-power-sources-fcb019d.html, 11.05.2011).

Page 22: electric cars-sagar

Application possibilities for

electric vehicles The development of electric cars or vehicles can be divided

broadly in the following directions or trends:

Industrial vehicles

Figure: Mafi- electric load cart at Daimler-Chrysler(Schnitzler, http://de.factolex.com/Elektrokarren, 30.4.2011)

Page 23: electric cars-sagar

Application possibilities for electric vehicles

Development of new passenger cars: Urban vehicles

Electric vehicles suited for highway

Figure: CityEL (Firma Haberhauer, http://www.elektromobilcenter.com/, 30.4.2011)

Figure : Think City(Stegmann, http://www.motorkultur.com/de/home/visionen/13-artikel/4929-elektroauto-think-eine-erfolgsstory.html, 30.4.2011)

Page 24: electric cars-sagar

Application possibilities for electric vehicles

Alteration from customary cars to electric vehicles

Study vehicles and experimental vehicles

Figure: Renault Twingo Electra(MobiLEM, http://www.mobilem.ch/fahrzeuge/fahr

zmain.htm, 30.4.2011)

Figure: Keio University Eliica(Deep Dive Media Automotive Network, http://www.futurecars.com/future-cars/electric-cars/eliica-8-wheel-electric-tears-it-up-one-wheel-at-a-time, 30.4.2011)

Page 25: electric cars-sagar

Conclusion & Outlook

Huge potential for the further emerging of electric cars Although there are still problems, it is important to push

this technology R&D Electrical outlet and electric cable are not required in

future anymore, because the electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking.

Figure: Power from the street. The electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking.(Glocalist, http://www.glocalist.com/news/kategorie/vermischtes/titel/das-elektroauto-der-zukunft-tankt-beim-fahren/, 07.05.2011)

Page 26: electric cars-sagar

Videos

A brief history of the electric car Adaptera Exclusive- 3 wheeled electric wonder on the

road

Page 27: electric cars-sagar

Thank you for your attention!