APRESENTATION ON

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FUEL FROM CASTOR OIL & MEASURING ITS PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ON CI ENGINE

UNDER GUIDANCE- Mr. HITESH KUMAR ASST. PROFESSOR

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mr. H.S.PALI ASST.PROFESSOR

DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY-

SYED HUR ABBAS NAQVI (1113340216)

SAURABH KUMAR NISHAD (1113340187)

SUSHIL KUMAR PANDEY (1113340215)

SAURAV KUMAR (1113340188)

o INTRODUCTIONo WHY WE USE CASTOR OILo WHAT IS BIODIESELo HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIESELo ADVANTAGESo RAW MATERIAL USEo REACTION INVOLVEDo LITERATURE REVIEWo OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF PROJECTo PRODUCTION OF BIODIESELo ENGINE SETUP FOR TESTINGo CONCLUSION

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONThe castor bean seed (Ricinus communis L.) belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, is nowadays growing on a wide scale on marginal and wastelands of South Asia.Its fruits are produced in typical clusters, each pod containing well developed seeds bearing sufficient oil (47-49%). The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein.Castor oil is a colourless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odour or taste.

The physical and chemical properties of the Castor oil as shown below:-

Properties Castor Oil

FFA (%) 0.246

Density (Kg/m³) 926.8

Fire point(°C) 335

Flash point (°C) 298

Cloud point (°C) 15.8

Specific gravity 0.9628

Calorific value (kJ/kg) 35684.5

Kinematic Viscosity (mm²/s) 109.53

WHY WE USE CASTOR OIL ? In the seed, the oil content is about 50% of the total

weight. It is the only unique oil which has an unusual chemical

composition of triglyceride of fatty acid i.e,18-carbon hydroxylated fatty acid with one double bond.

The plant can stand long periods of drought. India is the largest producer of castor in the world. The oil has versatile utility such as cosmetics,

lubricants, brake fluids, softener in tanning, textile company, boots and shoe manufacturing.

WHAT IS BIODIESEL ? Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or

fossil diesel.

Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats .

Biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction, in this process oil is mixed with an alcohol to produce glycerol ,as a byproduct.

HISTORICAL DEVLOPMENT OF BIODIESEL

Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of diesel engine at the world exhibition in Paris presented the concept of using the bio fuels in diesel engine in 1890.

It was a Belgian inventor in 1937 who proposed using

transesterification to convert vegetable oils into fatty acid alkyl ester.

Martin Mittelbach further developed biodiesel fuel industry in the early 1990s.

WHY WE MAKE BIODIESEL ? (ADVANTAGES)

• Renewable energy source. • Less polluting. • Blend with other energy resources and oil. • Used in heating systems and diesel engines without any

alterations. • Lubricating property

RAW MATERIAL USE1. ALCOHOL Alcohols with string of 1-8 carbons are used for the biodiesel production.

Alcohols used in this process are: methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol. We have to use methanol because of :-

- its low viscosity

- it requires less reaction time - lower cost & better performance

2. CATALYSTSCatalysts (acid and/or base) are used to speed the reaction. It is important to note that the acid or base are not consumed by the transesterification reaction, thus they are not reactants, but catalysts. Common catalysts for transesterification include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methoxide.

3. BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCKSA variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include:- 1. Virgin oil feedstock – rapeseed and soyabean

oils are most commonly used.

2. Animal fats including yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-products of the production of fatty

acids from fish oil.

3.Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage and without displacing land currently used for food production.

4. Sewage Sludge - The sewage-to-biofuel field is attracting interest from major companies .

REACTION INVOLVED TRANSESTERIFICATION Transesterification is the process of separating the fatty

acids from their glycerol backbone to form fatty acid esters (FAE) and free glycerol.

S. No

AUTHORS YEAR/JOURNAL(PUBLISHER)

TITLE REMARKS

1 R.Sattanathan 2014/ International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

Production of Biodiesel from castor Oil with its Performance and Emission Test

Physical and Chemical Properties of castor oil

2 Chinmoy Baroi, Ernest K. Yanful, Maurice A Bergougnou

2009/INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING

Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil Using different supported and Unsupported Catalyst

Using of PTSA & potassium hydroxide as catalysts.

3 Carlos A. Guerrero F, Andrés Guerrero-Romero and Fabio E. Sierra

2008/National University of Colombia,

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Study of various feedstocks for biodiesel

LITRETURE REVIEW

4 Syed Ameer Basha , K. Raja Gopal, S. Jebaraj

2009,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review

A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance

This paper shows that the engine performance was inferior when using vegetable oil as the high viscous oil caused injector choking and contaminated the lubricating oil.

5 Mohhemad h. Chakrabrati and Rafiq Ahmad

2008/Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University

Transesterification studies on castor oil as a first step towards its use in biodiesel production.

Of several possible methods for biodiesel production from non-edible oils, transesterification reaction with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst is the most suitable method.

6 H.S. Pali , N. Kumar

2014, NIET Journal of Engineering &Technology

Biodiesel Production from Sal (Shorea Robusta)Seed Oil

Production parameters and analysis of temprature and RPM of stirrer.

7 Deshpande D.P.1, Urunkar Y.D. and Thakare P.D

2012/Research Journal of Chemical Sciences

Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil using acid and Base catalysts

Study of different acid and base catalysts for proper production of biodiesel.

8 Ertan Alptekin , Mustafa Canakci

2008,Renewable Energy

Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel– dieselfuel blends

The viscosities & densities of diesel fuels are lower than those ofBiodiesels

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF PROJECT Production of biodiesel from non edible vegetable oil such

as castor oil as the feedstock.

These three scopes are: i. Production of biodiesel with castor oil. ii. Measuring the performance characteristics on

single cylinder four stroke CI engine.

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL The production of biodiesel from castor oil is basically done

by transesterification reaction. This process can be done by in three stages.

1. Pre-process (heating of oil & esterification)2. Main process (transesterification)3. Post process (water wash)

PRE-PROCESS OF BIODIESEL Heat 1000ml of the oil at 110o C to remove moisture content, by using magnetic stirrer heating plate for 60 to 80 mins.

After heating, cool the oil at about 60° C. Add para-toluene sulphoanic acid (1-1.5% weight of oil) into 300 ml of methanol.

After making the solution add it into hot oil very slowly.

Heat this solution for 60-90 minutes.

MAIN-PROCESS OF BIODIESEL This process is also called as transesterification.

Add potassium hydroxide (1% weight of oil) into 300 ml of methanol.

After that mix it with oil formed from pre- process slowly.

This solution is heated for 60 minutes.

After that solution is kept to cool for 14-16 hours in separating flask.

This process sepearates glycerol from oil(glycerol have more density).

Glycerol

POST-PROCESS OF BIODIESEL This process involves water wash of oil which is done for removing the remaining glycerol and impurities of solution.

Firstly water is heated about 60° to 65° C. Mix this hot water with oil in ratio of 1:4 and shake the mixture well for 2 minutes. Put it stand by for 15 minutes. After that water comes down with impurities. This process is done about 4 to 5 times. When the process of water-wash is completed, heat the oil about 110° C for 60 to 90 minutes.

ENGINE SETUP FOR TESTING

ALTERNATOR GENERATOR ROTAMETERFOR FLOW

SURGE TANK

Cont….

FUEL INDICATOR FUEL INTAKE MEASURING DEVICE

LOADING ARRANGEMENT

Cont…..

RHEOSTAT FUEL TANK

1. BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for each unit of brake power per hour it indicates the efficiency with which the engine develops the power from fuel. It is used to compare performance of different engines. The amount of fuel which an engine consumes is rated by its BSFC.

2. BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brake power, bp, to the input fuel energy in appropriate units. ηbth=

3. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake power (delivered power) to the indicated power (power

provided to the piston)

 

Performance Parameters

ηm= 𝑩𝑷𝑰𝑷 =

𝑩𝑷𝑩𝑷+𝑰𝑷 ,FP = 𝑰𝑷− 𝑩𝑷

4 . INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated

power, IP, to the input fuel energy in appropriate units.

ηth = 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 [𝒌𝒋 𝒔ൗ�]

𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 [𝑲𝒋 𝒔]ൗ�

5. MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE Mean effective pressure is the average pressure inside the cylinder of an internal combustion engine based on the calculated or measured power output. It increases as manifold pressure increases. For any particular engine, operating at a given speed and power output, there will be a specific indicated mean effective pressure, imep, and a corresponding brake mean effective pressure.

BSFC vs BMEP CHARACTERISTICS

5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00 2.00E+00 2.50E+00 3.00E+00 3.50E+00 4.00E+00 4.50E+000.00E+00

5.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.50E-04

2.00E-04

2.50E-04

B 20B 15B 10B 5D 100

BSFC(kg/ kw-s)

BMEP(N/ sq m)

BTE VS BMEP CURVE

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

D 100 B 5B 10B 15B 20

BTE

BMEP(N/ sq m)

PRESSURE vs THETA CURVE

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

D100

B5

B 10

B15

B 20

Pressure(bar)

Crank angle (θ)

Utilisation of castor biodiesel upto 20%(B20) blending is suitable for CI engines without modification.

The engine performance of the castor biodiesel and their blends was similar to that diesel fuel with nearly the same thermal efficiency, but with higher fuel consumption reflecting their lower energy content and higher density.

The combustion of castor biodiesel is more smoother and with higher energy content due to its enriched oxygen.

Castor methyl ester can be used more efficiently in winter season and in higher altitude due to its physico-chemical properties .

CONCLUSION