Research Experience For Undergraduates

Alcohol Injection In Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engines

Under the guidance of

Prof. N.R.Banapurmath and Prof. Yunus khan Tatagar

Objective :

To inject alcohol and biodiesel into the inlet manifold of diesel engine

and to check the various performance parameters and emission

characteristics of the diesel engine.

Need for the study :

Rapid depletion of the petroleum fuels

Increase in the vehicle population

To balance the demand and supply chain activity

Thus ,

There is a need for either a partial or complete substitute for

petroleum fuels and a renewable ,sustainable and alternative

fuel is necessary to fulfill the demands

Literature survey :

• Different biodiesels used to blend with diesel and their

properties

• different alcoholic groups that can be injected and their effects

• various vehicles that run on biodiesel

• conversion of different oils to biodiesel and trans

esterification process.

• different combinations of diesel ,biodiesel and alcohol blends

Su Han Park, In Mo Youn and Chang Sik Lee. Influence of ethanol blends on the

combustion performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a four-cylinder

diesel engine at various engine loads and injection timings. Fuel (2011). 90, 748–755.

Effective Conversion of Kapok Seed (Ceiba Pentandra) Oil into Biodiesel and

Investigation of Effects of Catalyst concentrations and Chromatographic

Characterization

M.A. Asokan1* and R.Vijayan2

Recent Developments on Internal Combustion Engine Performance and

Emissions Fuelled With Biodiesel-Diesel-Ethanol Blends

M. Mofijur*, M.G. Rasul, J. Hyde

Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions

Jinlin Xuea,b,∗, Tony E. Grift a, Alan C. Hansena

Performance of Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Types of

Biodiesel–A Review

Alwar Singh Yadav, Kamal Raj Sharma and Gaurav Kumar

Use of alcohol as an alternative fuel in diesel engine

Dr. Udayakumar, Prabhjot Singh

Research methodology :

Understanding the objective and need for the study

Literature survey

Understanding the process of research

Selection of raw oil

Conversion of raw oil into biodiesel

Characterising the biodiesel

Engine selection and modificatons to the existing engine

Performing tests with the selected blend

Analysing the results obtained

Drafting the results and comparisions

Reseach paper

Selection of seed oil and its properties :

Ceiba pentendra

property value

density 916 kg/m3

viscosity 30.42 mm2/s

Acid value 29.42mg KOH/g

Water content 0.04 wt.%

Fatty acids 14.71%

Flash point 2970C

Saponification value 197

Iodine value 100.6

Biodiesel production process :

Ethanol

Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel

made from plant material, such as corn, sugar cane, or grasses.

Using ethanol can reduce oil dependence and greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions. Ethanol fuel use in the U.S. has increased

dramatically from about 1.7 billion gallons in 2001 to about

13.4 billion in 2014.

Ethanol vs Methanol

Methanol is highly toxic

Boiling point of ethanol is higher

Methanol is obtained from fossil fuels where as ethanol is

obtained from the biodegradable wastes renewable

Why ethanol?

• Ethanol is one of the best tools to fight air pollution from

vehicles.

• Because of its biodegradable nature to reductions in

greenhouse gas and tailpipe emissions, ethanol provides a tool

to address environmental concerns

• Ethanol contains 35% oxygen and with adding oxygen to fuel

results in more complete fuel combustion, reducing harmful

tailpipe emissions.

Parameters Bio diesel Ethanol

Density (kg/m3 ) 878 794

Viscosity at 450 C

(cst)

5.425 0.527

Flash Point (0 c ) 170 13

Calorific value(kj/kg) 38450 27000

Cetane number 50 8

Properties of the blend

Make Kirloskar

Engine Type Diesel engine

Number Of Cylinder Single cylinder

Number Of Strokes Four Stroke

Coolant Type Water cooled

Speed 1500 rpm

Bore 87.5 mm

Stroke 110 mm

Capacity 661 cc

Compression Ratio 17.5:1

Specifications of IC engine

Experimental set up :

1516

1

13

18

17

11

14

9

6 7

12

2

5

8

T3

T2

T1

3

4

10

1- Control Panel, 2 – Computer system, 3 – Diesel flow line, 4 – Air flow line, 5 – Calorimeter,

6 – Exhaust gas analyser, 7– Smoke meter, 8 – Rota meter, 9, 11- Inlet water temperature, 10 –Calorimeter inlet water temperature, 12– Calorimeter outlet water temperature, 13 –Dynamometer, 14– CI Engine, 15– Speed measurement, 16– Burette for fuel measurement, 17–Exhaust gas outlet, 18– Outlet water temperature, T1-Inlet water temperature, T2 –Outlet water temperature, T3 – Exhaust gas temperature.

Test Procedure :

• The room temperature was noted down

• Required quantities of blends were prepared according to their

ratios by volume

• The fuel in the fuel tank, the supply of cooling water, cooling

water on the engine were checked before starting the engine.

• The engine was started and allowed to run at no load for about

10 minutes to warm up and attain the steady state. The speed

of the engine was measured using a tachometer and it was

adjusted to the rated speed of 1500 rpm

• The fuel was then supplied from the burette by opening the

metering valve. By noting the change in the level of fuel in the

burette, the time taken for fuel consumption was noted using

a stop watch.

• The desired cooling water flow rate was obtained by adjusting

the valve and was kept constant throughout the experiment.

• The inlet and outlet temperature of the cooling water are

noted from the digital display which is connected to the

sensors.

• The temperature of the exhaust gas is also noted down from

the display by adjusting the knob.

• The full load of the engine was distributing equally so as to

run at least five trials during the test

• From zero load to full load. The set of readings were taken and

tabulated.

• The manometer readings are also noted.

• All the above readings were taken for various loads.

Results and discussions :

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

SOI- 5˚ BTDC TDC 5˚ ATDC 10˚ ATDC

Bra

ke

ther

mal

eff

icie

ncy

, %

Start of injection and injection duration of ethanol

Speed: 1500 rpm, IT: 23˚ BTDC, IP: 205 bar, Injector: 5 holes, 0.2 mm,

Combustion chamber: ToCC, CR: 17.5

60% Load

80% Load

100% Load

Break thermal efficiency

Smoke

0

15

30

45

60

75

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

SOI- 5˚ BTDC TDC 5˚ ATDC 10˚ ATDC

Sm

oke,

HS

U

Start of injection and injection duration of ethanol

Speed: 1500 rpm, IT: 23˚ BTDC, IP: 205 bar, Injector: 5 holes, 0.2 mm,

Combustion chamber: ToCC, CR: 17.5

60% Load

80% Load

100% Load

Hydrocarbons

0

15

30

45

60

75

901

8˚C

A (

2 m

s)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

SOI- 5˚ BTDC TDC 5˚ ATDC 10˚ ATDC

Hyd

roca

rbo

n,

pp

m

Start of Injection and Injection Duration of Ethanol

Speed: 1500 rpm, IT: 23˚ BTDC, IP: 205 bar, Injector: 5 holes, 0.2 mm,

Combustion chamber: ToCC, CR: 17.5

60% Load

80% Load

100% Load

Carbon monoxide

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

SOI- 5˚ BTDC TDC 5˚ ATDC 10˚ ATDC

Car

bo

n m

ono

xid

e, %

Start of injection and injection duration of DEE

Speed: 1500 rpm, IT: 23˚ BTDC, IP: 205 bar, Injector: 5 holes, 0.2 mm,

Combustion chamber: ToCC, CR: 17.5

60% Load

80% Load

100% Load

Oxides of Nitrogen

0

240

480

720

960

1200

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

18

˚CA

(2

ms)

22

.5˚C

A (

2.5

ms)

27

˚CA

(3

ms)

31

.5˚C

A (

3.5

ms)

36

˚CA

(4

ms)

SOI- 5˚ BTDC TDC 5˚ ATDC 10˚ ATDC

Nit

ric

oxid

e, p

pm

Start of Injection and Injection Duration of Ethanol

Speed: 1500 rpm, IT: 23˚ BTDC, IP: 205 bar, Injector: 5 holes, 0.2 mm,

Combustion chamber: TcCC, CR: 17.5

60% Load

80% Load

100% Load

Thank You