CINEMATOGRAPHYFRANCESCA DETTORI

What is cinematography?

Cinematography is the framing/shot types, camera movement and angles, lighting and

contrasting of a moving image.

There are many more aspects too but overall it includes both shooting and development of

motion picture photography.

Camera ShotsExtreme long shot

Long shot

Medium shot

Medium close up

Close up

Extreme close up

High angle shot

Low angle shot

Birds eye shot

Worm eye view shot

Straight angle

Canted/Dutch shot

Makes the character look small and insignificant

Makes the character lookImposing and majestic

May show disorientation To the audience and can showThe characters state of mind

Can establish the setting

Can establish the backgroundusually used at the beginningof a scene

Does not show the person completely but allows us to see the body language

Allows us to see the expression on the characters face

Allows us to just focus on their expression

usually when something happens

To show us a strong emotion, usually shock or fear

Can be used as aShot to establish Location and showHow large the setting is in

Lets us see the character from the front may seem as though they are looking directly at the audience

FRAMING:The position of the camera

makes an impact on the framing of the image. It effects the way we perceive the way the scene

has been filmed.

COMPOSITION:This is the “Putting together”

of all the images that were taken within the scene.

This includes: objects, people, colour.

This can also effect the image on whether it looks good or bad.

LightingLighting can be:-Natural and ambient-Strong contrast-Man made

There are THREE types of lighting!1) KEY2) FILL 3) BACK

Colour has different types of connotations, Depending on the colour of a scene it can

Add different ideas to the type of situations thatThe character can be in. For example if there is a lot

Of red in the scene people may connect it to the ideaOf danger, death, blood or passion.

Colour ultimately gives the scene a mood and is added For use of dramatic effect.

COLOUR

LENS

Wide Angle:It distorts the image and

the distance between the background and the foreground

appear greater.

Medium angle:Is the most common lens used. It avoids perspective distortion and

appears to maintain natural depth.

Shallow focus:Only the object in the foreground

is visible, therefore making the audience focus on something

specific.

Deep focus:Makes both foreground and

background visible and gives more detail for the audience to view.

MISE- EN- SCENEThe elements on mise-en-scene:-Settings and props-Costume, hair and make-up-Figure expression and movement-Staging-Lighting and colour-Off screen space

Each aspect of mise-en-scene had Hidden meanings within the film, most props and

Devices are used for a specific reason to convey specificInterpretations from the audience. These things

Send signals to the audience, either consciously orSubconsciously about how we should feel at that moment!

EDITING

Flash cutting:Also referred to as short cut. It is a cut that has a brief duration of about 2 seconds. This is an editing sequence.

Subliminal cut: A cut consisting of a few frames which zip by so fast that the viewer is only subliminally (subconsciously) aware of them.

Overlapping Editing:Cuts that repeat part or all of an action, thus expanding its viewing time and plot duration.

Cross cutting:Editing that alternates shots of two or more lines of action occurring in different places, usually simultaneous.

A way to change a clip to make it better or appealing to an audience

Continuity:When the audience should not notice when the cuts have been made. A sequence of shots that appear together and link with each other.

Transitions:A transition is the term used when the editor moves from one shot to another. There are many types used in editing there’s straight cut where an image is suddenly replaced by another without it beginning visually changed.

Wipe:Wipe is where one image is replaced by another without dissolving and it eliminatesthe first shot then replacing it with another shot..

DissolveThis is when one scene or image gradually moves onto another scene and it is a smooth transition.

Action Editing:This is when the clip is edited in a certain way to make the film more action packed at appealing to the audience.

SOUNDSound plays an important role in a film, it sets the mood and helpsThe audience to understand the concept of certain characters and importantEvents that occur. There are two types of sound within a film.There is diegetic sound and non diegetic sound.

Diegetic sound: is the actual sound within a scene in which all of the actors can hear, this can be the sound of someone laughing or a song playing in a nightclub.

Non-Diegetic sound: is the type of sound that is added later in the editing process, this may be the sound of a spaceship landing, or the sound of a song playing whilst multiple shots are being seen. This type of sound usually reflects the mood or can emphasis Something like for example, when someone breaks a leg, it is usually an edited version of a celery stick snapping that is edited in later on.

Some types of music added in the films usually are used as symbolsfor certain characters, for example certain melodies will appear when the protagonist is in shot doing something heroic, whereasAnother melody which contrasts the protagonist will play whenThe antagonist is in shot and therefore becomes a part of theircharacter in the film.

Different types of musical techniques can be used such as:Playing in the Major keyPlaying in the Minor keyContrapuntal and polyphonic melodic linesOstinatos or trills (Example: Jaws when the shark comes)