For Whom The Bell Tolls1940

Ernest Hemingway

• Spain became a monarchy since 1492.• 0000000000000000000000000000• King Alfonso xiii left the country in 1931,• Second Spanish republic 1931-1939• Multi-party parliamentary republic.• Niceto and Juan Lopez

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

The Left (also known as Loyalist and Republican) consists of workers, peasants and trade unions, the Spanish government, Socialists, Communists and Anarchists.

The Right (also known as Nationalist), was supported by rebellious groups of the army, industry, landowners, the middle classes and the Catholic Church.

The Loyalists received the support of the Soviet Union and European democracies.

While the Nationalists were armed by the Fascist governments of Germany and Italy.

The Loyalists received very little assistance from the Soviet Union and, moreover, were divided by internal conflicts between Communist, Socialist and Anarchist factions.

The Nationalists were better organized and received extensive material aid from Germany.

• The Nationalists were finally triumphant led by General Francisco Franco.

• The Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975.

• Francoist spain.

• Under the Franco regime Spain suffered international isolation, although in varying degrees. In 1955 the country was accepted as a member of the United Nations, and in 1970 General Franco named prince Juan Carlos his successor as the future king of Spain, thereby re-establishing the monarchy. Upon the dictator's death in 1975 King Juan Carlos I was crowned and the country set out on the long journey back to full democracy in Spain.

• The title is a Wh-clause. It is not a question.• It suggest the meaning:• I don’t know for whom the bell tolls.• This is for Jordan.• This book is for whom the bell tolls.(Anyone,

it does not matter)

• In Donne’s essay, “For whom does the bell toll?” is the imaginary question of a man who hears a funeral bell and asks about the person who has died. Donne’s answer to this question is that, because none of us stands alone in the world, each human death affects all of us. Every funeral bell, therefore, “tolls for thee.”

Who is the narrator?

• Hemingway uses the third person narrator in his novel.

• He lay flat on the brown, pine-needled floor of the forest, his chin on his folded arms, and high overhead the wind blew in the tops of the pine trees.

• Advantages?• Disadvantages?

• the young man, who was tall and thin, with sun-streaked fair hair, and a wind- and sun-burned face, who wore the sun-faded flannel shirt, a pair of peasant’s trousers and rope-soled shoes, leaned over, put his arm through one of the leather pack straps and swung the heavy pack up onto his shoulders. He worked his arm through the other strap and settled the weight of the pack against his back. His shirt was still wet from where the pack had rested.

• The young man, whose name was Robert Jordan, was extremely hungry and he was worried. He was often hungry but he was not usually worried because he did not give any importance to what happened to himself and he knew from experience how simple it was to move behind the enemy lines in all this country.

• They were all eating out of the platter, not speaking, as is the Spanish custom. It was rabbit cooked with onions and green peppers and there were chick peas in the red wine sauce. It was well cooked, the rabbit meat flaked off the bones, and the sauce was delicious.

Advatages• It is good that the narrator is not one of the characters to

have a fair description for all of them.• It makes the reader able to decide which side he must pity

and support.• It gives the book a wide reading since the writer does not

criticize any of the two parties. • The third person point of view can go anywhere at any time • the third person offers a reliable narrator who can address

the reader as a reader without harming their suspension of disbelief.

Disadvantages

• The lack of criticism leaves the reader confused about the theme behind the story.

• This kind of narration makes the story boring for the readers who want the author to express their emotions toward the characters while reading.

• think of the story as a fictional work rather than being sucked in.

• While emotional experience is more apparent in first person, third person writers must pay it special attention so that when the character feels shocked the reader experiences the same emotion. Indirectness.

Would you like the novel more if it was narrated by a character from the story?

• Yes. Why?• No. Why?

Day OneJordan meets

Anselmo

He meets the others too outside

the cave.

He hears Maria's story. Pilar reads

his hand.

He leaves again with Anselmo.

He meets other people inside the

cave.

He is asked to kill Pablo.

He talks about Kashkin.

He sleeps outside with Maria.

Day Two

He wakes up by the sound of airplane

motors.

He sends Anselmo and Rafael in two different missions.

He makes love with Maria and then head

to El Sordo’s cave.

They reach their cave when the weather

changes and it starts snowing.

He goes out to meet Anselmo.

They vote to kill Pablo.

He goes out and waits for Maria.

He shoots a cavalry in the morning.

He knows that the day will not end this

way.

Day Three

They climb up the mountain for protection.

El Sordo is killed with all his me.

They set a new plan.

They send Andres with a letter.

He listens to Maria’s story.

He wakes up to hear about Pablo’s escape.They set a new plan.

Pablo comes back.

Hemingway Code Hero

• The phrase, "Hemingway code hero" originated with scholar Philip Young. He uses it to describe Hemingway’s main character.

Philip Young

• Philip Young is considered to be the first serious Ernest Hemingway scholar; indeed his scholarship brought him into conflict with Hemingway himself. In his 1948 biography of Hemingway, written for his doctoral dissertation, Young argued that Hemingway’s writing was strongly affected by an injury Hemingway received in 1918, while serving in World War I. Hemingway strongly objected to this theory, quoting him as saying, “How would you like it if someone said that everything you’d done in your life was because of some trauma?” Hemingway fought to have the publication of Young’s biography stopped, but after exchanging correspondence with Young, Hemingway agreed to let the book be published.

• On this day in 1918, Ernest Hemingway, an 18-year-old ambulance driver for the American Red Cross, is struck by a mortar shell while serving on the Italian front in World War I.

• The blow knocked him unconscious and buried him in the earth ; fragments of shell entered his right foot and his knee and struck his thighs, scalp and hand. Two Italian soldiers standing between Hemingway and the shell’s point of impact were not so lucky, however: one was killed instantly and another had both his legs blown off and died soon afterwards.

• Hemingway’s experiences in Italy during World War I would become an important part of his larger-than-life persona, as well as the material for one of his best-loved novels, A Farewell to Arms, which chronicles the love of a young American ambulance driver for a beautiful English nurse on the Italian front during the Great War.

• 1-Often in Hemingway's stories, the hero's world is violent and disorderly; moreover, the violence and disorder seem to win.

• 2-The code hero measures himself by how well he handle the difficult situations that life throws at him.

• 3- In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. He believes in "Nada," a Spanish word meaning nothing. Along with this, there is no after life.

• 4-He does not talk about what he believes in.He is man of action rather than a man of theory.

• 5-1 A basis for all of the actions of all Hemingway code heroes is the concept of death. The idea of death lies behind all of the character’s actions in Hemingway novels. When you are dead you are dead. There is nothing more.

• 5-2 It is the duty of the Hemingway hero to avoid death at almost all cost. .

• 6-Aside from death being a part of the concept of the code hero, there are certain images that are often connected with this view. His actions are often identified by certain definite movements or performances. He is often called a restless man. By restless is meant that he will often stay awake at nighttime and sleep all during the day. The reason for this is that for the Hemingway man sleep itself is a type of obliteration of the consciousness. Night is a difficult time for night-itself-the darkness of night—implies or symbolizes the utter darkness that man will have to face after death. Therefore the code hero will avoid nighttime. This will be the time he will drink or stay awake.

Robert Jordan as a Code Hero

• Concentrating on his report to Golz, trying to put it in the fewest words and still make it absolutely convincing, trying to put it so the attack would be cancelled, absolutely, yet convince them he wasn’t trying to have it called off because of any fears he might have about the danger of his own mission, but wished only to put them in possession of all the facts,……chapter 29

• Lieutenant Berrendo, watching the trail, came riding up, his thin face serious and grave. His submachine gun lay across his saddle in the crook of his left arm. Robert Jordan lay behind the tree, holding onto himself very carefully and delicately to keep his hands steady. He was waiting until the officer reached the sunlit place where the first trees of the pine forest joined the green slope of the meadow. He could feel his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest. Chapter 43

• This Anselmo had been a good guide and he could travel wonderfully in the mountains. Robert Jordan could walk well enough himself and he knew from following him since before daylight that the old man could walk him to death.—chapter one

• Two nights. Two nights to love, honor and cherish. For better and for worse. In sickness and in death. No that wasn’t it. In sickness and in health….quote from the text

• It was something that you had never known before but that you had experienced now and you gave such importance to it and the reasons for it that your own death seemed of complete unimportance; only a thing to be avoided because it would interfere with the performance of your duty. But the best thing was that there was something you could do about this feeling and this necessity too. You could fight…..quote from the text

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