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CHAPTER 20
Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era
Section 2: Turkey, Persia, and Africa
Section 3: Unrest in ChinaSection 4: Imperialism in Japan
Section 5: Latin America Between the Wars
Nationalist Movements Around the World
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SECTION 3
Bell Ringer 20.3:What steps led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty?
Unrest in China
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SECTION 3Unrest in ChinaIncreasing Western influence caused division in China.
A nationalist movement grew that wanted to regain Chinese power and glory through Western ideals of government.
To understand China and its relationship with the West, we have to go back in time to the 1800s…..
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In the early 1800s, the British treasury was being depleted due to its dependence upon imported tea from China.
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And proceeded to get the Chinesehooked on opium ….
To solve this trade imbalance Britain shipped opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China.
The Chinese viewed the goods the Europeans brought to trade with as nearly worthless trinkets.
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Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed.
The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars.
Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of Unequal Treaties.
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SECTION 3Unrest in ChinaUnequal TreatiesAccording to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to:
1.Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese2.Open several ports to British trade3.Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong4.Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China
“being exempt from the
jurisdiction of local law”
Want to guess howthe Chinese feltabout all this???
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Eventually several European nations followed suit, forcing China to sign a series of unequal treaties.
…established spheres of influence within China which guaranteed specific trading privileges to each nation within its respective sphere.
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Eventually the United States demanded equal trading status within China, and rather than carve out its own sphere of influence, simply announced the Open Door Policy in 1899.
Uncle Sam: "I'm Out For Commerce Not Conquest!"
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After the further insult of the Open Door Policy, China’s fate as a secondary nation seemed sealed.
In response, Chinese nationalists staged the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.
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SECTION 3Unrest in ChinaThe Boxer Rebellion failed to drive the foreigners from China.It did, however, encourage nationalist sentiment among the people.
A new political party – the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) was formed.
The party’s director wasSun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen).
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Sun Yat-sen• Considered the “Father of the
Nation” by the Chinese • Instrumental in overthrowing
the last imperial dynasty in China
• based his idea of revolution on Three Principles of the People:– Nationalism– Democracy– People’s livelihood
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Five thousand years of dynastic rule came to an end in February 1912 but the warlords were not quick to give up their power.
China was in turmoil.
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The Nationalists asked for helpfrom the West ….
The only country that respondedwas the Soviet Union.
The Soviets sent technical, political, and military advisors to help build a modern Chinese army.
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Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and hissuccessor Chiang Kai-shek begana campaign against the Communistinfluence in China.
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In 1927 Chiang expelled ALL Soviet advisers from the country and moved against the left-wing Chinese communists.
The Shanghai Massacreof 1927 ~
Over a thousand Communists were arrested, some 300 were officially executed, and more than 5,000 went missing.
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Outnumbered and outgunned 6 to 1, Mao Zedong led 100,000of his followers from southern China northward on a 6000 mile trekover 368 days.
The Long March.…over 18 mountain ranges and deep marshes.… crossing 24 rivers.
… while being pursued by Nationalist troops throughterritory controlled by warlords.
Only one in ten would survive.
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China was now split into two rival groups:Communists Political Party NationalistsMao Zedong leader Chiang Kai-shek
Soviet Union outside support USA
Northern China Territory controlled Southern China
rural peasants inside support Military, business leaders, banks
guerilla tactics fighting strengths Weapons & supplies
land reform, education, food production
goals Remove communists, modernize, democracy
tremendous support from peasants
impact Corruption, massacre of communists
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Visual SourceUnrest in China
“The War in China” ~ “I can take on ALL of you by myself!”
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Political CartoonUnrest in China
This post-Boxer Uprising cartoon depicts War standing over the various European countries (plus the U.S. and Japan) as a pack of dogs fighting over the corpse of the Qing empire.
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Quiz Time! Are you ready?
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