What makes groovy groovy codeurs en seine - 2013 - light size

Guillaume Laforge @glaforge !

What makes Groovy groovy?

Guillaume Laforge

Groovy project leadat .

@glaforgehttp://glaforge.appspot.com

Les Cast Codeurs

The Groovy vision

Part 1

Simplify the life of (Java) developers

Great for scripting

Fit for Domain-Specific Languages

Great for scripting

Fit for Domain-Specific Languages

Most seamless integration & interoperability wih java!

It’s so easy to learn!

Groovy as a Java superset

class!MathSpec!extends!Specification!{!!!!def!"maximum!of!two!numbers"()!{******expect:!!!!!!!!Math.max(a,!b)!==!c

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

As safe and fast as Java with static type checking & compilation

new!MarkupBuilder().html!{!!!!head!{!!!!!!!!title!"The!Script!Bowl"!!!!}

!!!!body!{!!!!!!!!div(class:!"banner")!{!!!!!!!!!!!!p!"Groovy!rocks!"!!!!!!!!}!!!!}}

move!forward!at!3.km/h

Expressive, Concise, Readable

@RestControllerclass!App!{!!!!@RequestMapping("/")!!!!String!home()!{!"Hello!World!"!}}

Speaking of conciseness...A full Spring app in the span of a tweet!

Who’s using Groovy?

• Netflix• LinkedIn• Google

• Crédit Suisse• JPMorgan• Fanny Mae• Mutual of Omaha• Hypoport

• Energy Transfer• National Cancer Inst.• IRSN

• European Patent Office

• Amadeus

• SmartThings• Carriots

Cool Groovy gems

Part 2

Most Java code is also valid Groovy code!

Any Java developer is a Groovy developer!

Most Java code is also valid Groovy code!

Flat learning curve

Easy to learn

Scripts versus Classes

public!class!Main!{!!!!public!static!void!main(String[]!args)!{!!!!!!!!System.out.println("Hello");!!!!}}

Scripts versus Classes

public!class!Main!{!!!!public!static!void!main(String[]!args)!{!!!!!!!!System.out.println("Hello");!!!!}}

println!"Hello"

Optional

Semicolons

Optional

SemicolonsParentheses

Optional

return keyword

Optional

return keyword public keyword

Optional

return keyword public keyword

Typing!

Optional...

public!class!Greeter!{!!!!private!String!owner;

!!!!public!String!getOwner()!{!!!!!!!!return!owner;!!!!}

!!!!public!void!setOwner(String!owner)!{!!!!!!!!this.owner!=!owner;!!!!}

!!!!public*String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!return!"Hello!"!+!name!+!",!I!am!"!+!owner;!!!!}}

Greeter!greeter!=!new!Greeter();greeter.setOwner("Guillaume");

System.out.println(greeter.greet("Marion"));

Optional...

Semicolons

Optional...

public!class!Greeter!{!!!!private!String!owner

!!!!public!String!getOwner()!{!!!!!!!!return!owner!!!!}

!!!!public!void!setOwner(String!owner)!{!!!!!!!!this.owner!=!owner!!!!}

!!!!public*String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!return!"Hello!"!+!name!+!",!I!am!"!+!owner!!!!}}

Greeter!greeter!=!new!Greeter()greeter.setOwner("Guillaume")

System.out.println(greeter.greet("Marion"))

Optional...

Parentheses

Optional...

Greeter!greeter!=!new!Greeter()greeter.setOwner!"Guillaume"

System.out.println!greeter.greet("Marion")

Optional...

return keyword

Optional...

!!!!public!String!getOwner()!{!!!!!!!!******!owner!!!!}

!!!!public*String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!******!"Hello!"!+!name!+!",!I!am!"!+!owner!!!!}}

Optional...

!!!!public!String!getOwner()!{!!!!!!!!******!owner!!!!}

!!!!public*String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!******!"Hello!"!+!name!+!",!I!am!"!+!owner!!!!}}

public keyword

Optional...

******!class!Greeter!{!!!!private!String!owner

!!!!******!String!getOwner()!{!!!!!!!!******!owner!!!!}

!!!!******!void!setOwner(String!owner)!{!!!!!!!!this.owner!=!owner!!!!}

!!!!*******String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!******!"Hello!"!+!name!+!",!I!am!"!+!owner!!!!}}

Optional...

optional typing

Optional...

def!!!!!greeter!=!new!Greeter()greeter.setOwner!"Guillaume"

Optional...

handy println shortcut

Optional...

!!!!!!!!!!!println!greeter.greet("Marion")

Optional...

verbose Java properties!

Optional...

******!class!Greeter!{!!!!*******!String!owner

Optional...

Property notation

Optional...

def!!!!!greeter!=!new!Greeter()greeter.owner!!!!"Guillaume"

Optional...

def!!!!!greeter!=!new!Greeter()greeter.owner!!!!"Guillaume"

Named argument constructor

Optional...

def!!!!!greeter!=!new!Greeter(owner:!"Guillaume")

Optional...

Interpolated strings!(aka GStrings)

Optional...

!!!!*******String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!******!"Hello!${name},!I!am!${owner}"!!!!}}

Optional...

!!!!*******String!greet(String!name)!{!!!!!!!!******!"Hello!${name},!I!am!${owner}"!!!!}}

Let’s reformat that mess of whitespace!

Optional...

class!Greeter!{***!String!owner

****String!greet(String!name)!{******!"Hello!${name},!I!am!${owner}"!!!!}}

def!greeter!=!new!Greeter(owner:!"Guillaume")

println!greeter.greet("Marion")

Optional...

Native syntax constructs

• Closures

• Lists

• Maps

• Regular expressions

• Ranges

Closures

• Functions as first-class citizen of the language

def!list!=!['a',!'b',!'c']

list!<<!'d'assert!list.contains('d')

assert!list.findAll!{!it.startsWith!'a'!}.size()!==!1assert!list.collect!{!it.toUpperCase()!}!==!['A',!'B',!'C',!'D']assert!list.inject('')!{!a,!b!c>!a!+!b!}!==!'abcd'

def!list!=!['a',!'b',!'c']

List definition

def!list!=!['a',!'b',!'c']

List definitionAppend an element

(operator overloading)

def!list!=!['a',!'b',!'c']

List definitionAppend an element

(operator overloading)

Functional-style map / filter / reduce

with closures

def!map!=![name:!'Guillaume',!age:!36]

map.daughters!=!['Marion',!'Erine']

assert!map['daughters'].contains('Marion')

Map definition

Indexed access

Map definition

Indexed accessProperty notation access

Regular expressions

def!pattern!=!~/.*foo.*/

assert!"Alibaba"!==~!/.*(ba){2}/

def!matcher!=!"Superman"!=~!/([AcZ][acz]+)man/assert!matcher[0][0]!==!'Superman'assert!matcher[0][1]!==!'Super'

'75001!Paris'.find(/(\d{5})\s(\w)+/)!{!match,!cp,!town!c>!!!!println!"The!Zip!code!of!${town}!is!${cp}"}

Regular expressions

Pattern

Regular expressions

PatternMatch

Regular expressions

PatternMatch

Regular expressions

PatternMatch

Nice way to decompose the matched regions

Ranges

def!range!=!'a'..'z'

assert!range.contains('m')assert!range.contains('z')

def!exclusive!=!1..<10

assert!!exclusive.contains(10)

def!reverse!=!10..0

assert!reverse[0]!==!10assert!reverse[c1]!==!0

Ranges

def!reverse!=!10..0

Ranges

def!reverse!=!10..0

Excluded upper bound

Ranges

def!reverse!=!10..0

Reverse range

Ranges

def!reverse!=!10..0

Reverse range

Negative index count from the end

Strings, GStrings, multiline strings

def!name!=!'Groovy'def!tmpl!=!"""!!!!Dear!Mr!${name},!!!!You're!the!winner!of!the!lottery!!!!!Yours!sincerly,!!!!Dave"""

assert!tmpl.toString().contains('Groovy')

Plain java.lang.String

Multiline string with expression interpolation

Surprising numbers...

System.out.println(!2.0!c!1.1!);

0.8999999999999999

System.out.println(!3!/!2!);

BigDecimal by default!

assert!2.0!c!1.1!==!0.9

assert!3!/!2!==!1.5

assert!2.0!c!1.1!==!0.9

assert!3!/!2!==!1.5

One of the reasons why micro-benchmarks sometimes showed

Groovy to be slow...

assert!2.0!c!1.1!==!0.9

assert!3!/!2!==!1.5

One of the reasons why micro-benchmarks sometimes showed

Groovy to be slow...

But you can use doubles & floats for performance, with ‘d’ or ‘f ’ suffixes or with explicit type

Powerful switch / case

on steroids

Powerful switch / case

on steroids

switch(obj)!{!!!!case!123:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"number!123";!!!!!!!!break!!!!case!"abc":!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"string!abc";!!!!!!!!break!!!!case!String:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"is!a!string";!!!!!!!break!!!!case![1,!2,!3]:!!!!!!!!!!!!"contained!in!list";!break!!!!case!~/.*o+.*/:!!!!!!!!!!!!"match!the!regex";!!!break!!!!case!{!it.isUpperCase()!}:!"closure!criteria";!!break****default:!"unknown"}

Named arguments

move!obj,!x:!3,!y:!4

Named arguments

Normal argument

Named arguments

Normal argument Named argument

Named arguments

Normal argument Named argument

Calls:move(Map m, Object)

Command chains

• Ability to chain method calls without parentheses and dots

Command chains

Actually equivalent to:move(forward).at(3.getKm().div(h))

Named arguments and command chains

check!that:!vodka!tastes!good

Named arguments and command chains

check!that:!vodka!tastes!good

Will call:check(that: vodka).tastes(good)

Multiple assignment and destructuring

def!(a,!b)!=!['A',!'B']

(a,!b)!=![b,!a]

def!(int!i,!int!j)!=![1,!2]

def!geocode(String!place)!{!!!!return![45.4,!2.3]}

def!(la,!lo)!=!geocode("Paris")

assert!la!==!45.4!&&!lo!==!2.3

def!(a,!b)!=!['A',!'B']

(a,!b)!=![b,!a]

assert!la!==!45.4!&&!lo!==!2.3

Classic « swap »

def!(a,!b)!=!['A',!'B']

(a,!b)!=![b,!a]

assert!la!==!45.4!&&!lo!==!2.3

Classic « swap »With types

def!(a,!b)!=!['A',!'B']

(a,!b)!=![b,!a]

assert!la!==!45.4!&&!lo!==!2.3

Method returning a list

def!(a,!b)!=!['A',!'B']

(a,!b)!=![b,!a]

assert!la!==!45.4!&&!lo!==!2.3

Method returning a list

Destructuring

class!Point!{!!!!double!x,!y

!!!!double!getAt(int!idx)!{!!!!!!!!if!(idx!==!0)!x!!!!!!!!else!if!(idx!==!1)!y!!!!!!!!else!throw!new!Exception("Wrong!index")!!!!}}

def!(x,!y)!=!new!Point(x:!48.3,!y:!3.5)

assert!x!==!48.3!&&!y!==!3.5

Method signature convention: getAt(int)

assert!x!==!48.3!&&!y!==!3.5

Method signature convention: getAt(int)

Transparent destructuring

Builders and GPath expressions

import!groovy.xml.*

new!MarkupBuilder().html!{!!!!head!{!!!!!!!!title!"The!Script!Bowl"!!!!}!!!!body!{!!!!!!!!div(class:!"banner")!{!!!!!!!!!!!!p!"Groovy!won!"!!!!!!!!}!!!!}}

import!groovy.xml.*

Hierarchical data representation

import!groovy.xml.*

Closure blocks delimiting the structure

import!groovy.xml.*

Closure blocks delimiting the structure

Attributes

Power asserts

def!(a,!b,!c)!=![20,!30,!40]

assert!a!*!(b!c!1)!/!10!==!3!*!c!/!2!+!1

Power asserts

def!(a,!b,!c)!=![20,!30,!40]

assert!a!*!(b!c!1)!/!10!==!3!*!c!/!2!+!1

Assertion!failed:!

assert!a!*!(b!c!1)!/!10!==!3!*!c!/!2!+!1!!!!!!!|!|!!|!|!!!!|!!!!|!!!!|!|!|!!!|!!!!!!!|!580|!29!!!58!!!false|!|!60!!61!!!!!!!20!!!30!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!|!40!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!120

! at!script1.run(script1t.groovy:4)

Null handling

• Groovy provides a more descriptive NullPointerException than Java

• Safe navigation with ?.

The Truth, the Groovy Truth!

And what if I could customize the truth?

The Elvis operator!

Towards Elvis...

def!(x,!y)!=!['MacBook!Pro',!'unknown']

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!y

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!yif*(x!&&!x.size())!x!else!y

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!yif*(x!&&!x.size())!x!else!yif*(x)!x!else!y

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!yif*(x!&&!x.size())!x!else!yif*(x)!x!else!yx!?!x!:!y

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!yif*(x!&&!x.size())!x!else!yif*(x)!x!else!yx!?!x!:!yx!?:!y

Towards Elvis...

if*(x!!=!null!&&!x.size()!>!0)!x!else!yif*(x!&&!x.size())!x!else!yif*(x)!x!else!yx!?!x!:!yx!?:!y Null, empty, zero-

sized... false, otherwise true!

Towards Elvis...

Good old ternary operator

Towards Elvis...

Good old ternary operatorElvis!

AST transformations

• Abstract Syntax Tree– in memory representation of your program

before being compiled into bytecode

• AST transformation == process of transforming the AST of a program before it’s compiled

• Macro-like compiler hook!

Lots of AST transformations...

• Code generation

– @ToString, @EqualsAndHashCode, @Canonical, @TupleConstructor, @InheritConstructors, @Category, @IndexedProperty, @Lazy, @Newify

• Class design

– @Delegate, @Immutable, @Memoized, @Singleton, @Mixin

• Logging

– @Log, @Log4j, @Log4j2, @Slf4j

• Safer scripting

– @ConditionalInterrupt, @ThreadInterrupt, @TimedInterupt

• Compiler directives

– @Field, @PackageScope, @AnnotationCollector, @DelegatesTo, @TypeChecked, @CompileStatic, @CompileDynamic

• Swing patterns

– @Bindable, @ListenerList, @Vetoable

• Dependencies handling

– @Grab, @GrabConfig, @GrabExclude, @GrabResolver

• Test assistance

– @NotYetImplemented, @ASTTest

Immutability

• Implement immutability by the book

– final class– tuple-style constructor– private final backing fields– defensive copying of collections– equals() and hashCode() methods– toString() method– ...

Immutability

• Implement immutability by the book

– final class– tuple-style constructor– private final backing fields– defensive copying of collections– equals() and hashCode() methods– toString() method– ...

Can be error-prone to write immutable classes oneself !

Immutability

• A Person class with– a String name– an int age

public final class Person { private final String name; private final int age;

public Person(String name, int age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; }

public String getName() { return name; }

public int getAge() { return age; }

public int hashCode() { return age + 31 * name.hashCode(); }

public boolean equals(Object other) { if (other == null) { return false; } if (this == other) { return true; } if (Person.class != other.getClass()) { return false; } Person otherPerson = (Person)other; if (!name.equals(otherPerson.getName()) { return false; } if (age != otherPerson.getAge()) { return false; } return true; }

public String toString() { return "Person(" + name + ", " + age + ")"; }}

Immutability

Damn verbose

Immutability

Damn verbose

Although it’s also a valid Groovy program!

@Immutable

import!groovy.transform.*

@Immutableclass!Person!{!!!!String!name!!!!int!age}

Memoization

• Cache the result of previous invocations of closures or methods with the same set of argument values

@Memoizedlong!fib(long!n)!{!!!!if!(n!==!0)!0!!!!else!if!(n!==!1)!1!!!!else!fib(n!c!1)!+!fib(n!c!2)}

println!fib(40)

Memoization

• Cache the result of previous invocations of closures or methods with the same set of argument values

@Memoizedlong!fib(long!n)!{!!!!if!(n!==!0)!0!!!!else!if!(n!==!1)!1!!!!else!fib(n!c!1)!+!fib(n!c!2)}

println!fib(40)

Best applied to side-effect free

functions

Groovy allows you to be lazy

The compiler will do the job for you

More concise, more readable code

Less stuff to maintain and worry about

@TypeChecked and @CompileStatic

• Static type checking with @TypeChecked, throws compilation errors on...– typos in method and variable names– incompatible return types– wrong type assignments

• Supports fine-grained type inference– « Least Upper Bound »– « Flow typing »

You can even extend the static type checker!

Type check DSLs or dynamic features!

• What is type checked can also be compiled statically with @CompileStatic

– generate the same bytecode as javac

– same performance as Java

Static compilation performance

Fibonacci Pi (π) quadrature

Binarytrees

Staticcompilation

Primitive optimizations

No prim.optimizations

191 ms 97 ms 3.6 s

197 ms 101 ms 4.3 s

360 ms 111 ms 23.7 s

2590 ms 3220 ms 50.0 s1.7

Superb community!

Part 3

A blossomingEcosystem

GVMGROOVYENVIRONMENT

MANAGER

GVM: Groovy enVironment Manager

• The new kid on the block– http://gvmtool.net/ — @gvmtool

• Manage parallel versions of the various ecosystem projects

• Supports...– Groovy, Grails, Griffon, Gradle, Vert.x, Spring Boot

• On Linux, MacOS, Cygwin, Solaris, FreeBSD81

I’m Spock...

...the Spock testing framework

I’m Spock...

...the Spock testing framework

Spock example

@Grab('org.spockframework:spockccore:0.7cgroovyc2.0')import!spock.lang.*

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

Spock example

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

@Grab a dependency

Spock example

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

@Grab a dependency

Meaningful test method names

Spock example

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

@Grab a dependency

Clever use of labels for BDD style

Spock example

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

@Grab a dependency

Expression to be asserted

Spock example

******where:!!!!!!!!a!|!b!||!c!!!!!!!!1!|!3!||!3!!!!!!!!7!|!4!||!4!!!!!!!!0!|!0!||!0!!!!}}

@Grab a dependency

Expression to be assertedCute data-

driven tests!

@GrabResolver("https://oss.jfrog.org/artifactory/repo")@Grab("org.ratpackcframework:ratpackcgroovy:0.9.0cSNAPSHOT")import!static!org.ratpackframework.groovy.RatpackScript.ratpackimport!static!org.ratpackframework.groovy.Template.groovyTemplate

ratpack!{!!!!handlers!{!!!!!!!!get!{!!!!!!!!!!!!response.send!"Welcome!"!!!!!!!!}

!!!!!!!!get("date")!{!!!!!!!!!!!!render!groovyTemplate("date.html")!!!!!!!!}

!!!!!!!!assets!"public"!!!!}}

@GrabResolver("https://oss.jfrog.org/artifactory/repo")@Grab("org.ratpackcframework:ratpackcgroovy:0.9.0cSNAPSHOT")import!static!org.ratpackframework.groovy.RatpackScript.ratpackimport!static!org.ratpackframework.groovy.Template.groovyTemplate

ratpack!{!!!!handlers!{!!!!!!!!get!{!!!!!!!!!!!!response.send!"Welcome!"!!!!!!!!}

!!!!!!!!get("date")!{!!!!!!!!!!!!render!groovyTemplate("date.html")!!!!!!!!}

!!!!!!!!assets!"public"!!!!}}

Lightweight Netty-based web app toolkit

• Browser automation solution

• WebDriver + jQuery selectors + Groovy

• Handy for– scripting, scraping, automation...– functional / web / acceptance testing

• when integrated with JUnit, TestNG or Spock

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Browser.drive!{!!!!go!"http://myapp.com/login"

!!!!assert!$("h1").text()!==!"Please!Login"

!!!!$("form.login").with!{!!!!!!!!username!=!"admin"!!!!!!!!password!=!"password"!!!!!!!!login().click()!!!!}

!!!!assert!$("h1").text()!==!!!!!!!!!"Admin!Section"}

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Drive the browser to this site

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Check the content of the title

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Find & fill in the form

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Submit the form

Geb — Example

import!geb.Browser

Submit the form

In the admin section, yeah!

Geb — With page objects and Spock

import!geb.spock.GebSpec

class!GoogleWikipediaSpec!extends!GebSpec!{

!!!!def!"first!result!for!wikipedia!search!should!be!wikipedia"()!{********given:!!!!!!!!to!GoogleHomePage

********expect:!!!!!!!!at!GoogleHomePage

********when:!!!!!!!!search.field.value("wikipedia")

********then:!!!!!!!!waitFor!{!at!GoogleResultsPage!}

********and:!!!!!!!!firstResultLink.text()!==!"Wikipedia"

********when:!!!!!!!!firstResultLink.click()

********then:!!!!!!!!waitFor!{!at!WikipediaPage!}!!!!}}

With page objects

BDD style: given/when/then

With page objects

BDD style: given/when/then

Wait for slow loading pages

Summary

Part 4

Java’s best friend

• Java derived syntax– Flat learning curve– Easy to learn

• But goes beyond Java– Concise, expressive, readable– Fit for Domain-Specific Languages

• Seamless & transparent Java integration– Mix and match Groovy and Java classes (joint compil.)– No language barrier to cross

Groovy’s nature

• Object oriented dynamic language...

• But...– as type safe as you want it — static type checking

– as fast as you need it — static compilation– as functional as you make it — closures...

Groovy use cases

• Scripting tasks, build automation

• Extension points for customizing/configuring apps

• Business languages & Domain-Specific Languages

• Full blown apps

– for desktop with Griffon– for the web with Grails, Ratpack, Gaelyk– for web reactive programming with reactor

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