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URBAN CONSOLIDATION
&SUSTAINABLE CITY
&COMPACT CITY
FACTS:1995: 45% of world population -> urban area
1996: 1 billion of 2.6 billions -> metropolitan area
2000: 2 billion @ developing country (40% @ urban area)
2015: 22 of 26 mega cities (<10m) -> developing country
2025: increased by 50%
2050: increased by 60% (or 4.8 billion)Source: UNDP, 2000
MetroTrends:1.Pertumbuhan kota tanpa batas2.Munculnya kota-kota yang tersebar ke pinggir
AKIBAT:1.Peningkatan biaya infrastruktur2.Pelayanan publik tidak merata3.Peningkatan volume lalu lintas4.Hilangnya lahan pertanian5.Penurunan tingkat kenyamanan hidup di kota dan pinggiran6.Terancamnya stabilitas pedesaan7.Peningkatan konsumsi energi8.…….
CITY+
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
=SUSTAINABLE CITY
ENVIRONMENT:Ecosystem Integrity
Carrying CapacityBiodiversity
ECONOMY:Growth
DevelopmentProductivityTrickle-down
SOCIETY:Cultural IdentityEmpowerment
AccessibilityStabilityEquity
-Is a garden city that integrates town and country (Howard, 1992)
-Possesses the vital form of medieval city (Geddes, 1915)
-Has a form nearest as organic as possible (Wright, 1935)
-Is designed with nature (McHarg, 1969)
-Does not exceed nature’s carrying capacity (Canfield, 1993)
-Features solar design, natural drainage, edible landscape (Corbett and Corbett, 1984)
-Is a permaculture (Mollison, 1978)
-Uses transit oriented development to control growth (Calthorpe, 1993)
-Is compact and regenerative of damaged or derelict urban land (CEC, 1990)
-Is made compact to allow surrounding wilderness to flourish (Nash, 1991)
-Has a circular metabolism (Girardet, 1992)
-Makes no waste, seeks biodiversity, relies on the sun (McDonough, 1992)
-Is holistic, diverse, fractal and evolutionary (McDonald, 1994)
-Is comprised of Green Infrastructures (Lyle, 1994)
SUSTAINABLE CITY …..
LANDFORM SITE DESIGN INFRASTRUCTURE
-Topography-Light-colored surfacing-Vegetative cooling-Wind buffering/channeling-Evaporative Cooling
-Solar Orientation-Pedestrian Orientation-Transit Orientation-Micro climatic building/sitting
-Water supply and use-Wastewater collection-Storm Drainage-Street Lighting-Traffic signalization-Recycling facilities
LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION ON-SITE ENERGY
-Use Density-Use mix-Activity Concentration
-Integrated multimodal street network-Pedestrian-Bicycle-Transit-High Occupancy vehicles-Pavement minimization-Parking minimization
-Geothermal/groundwater-Surface Water-Wind-Solar-District heating/cooling-Cogeneration-Fuel Cell Power
SUTAINABLE CITY STRUCTURECENTRAL CORE CITY STRUCTURE
STAR SHAPE CITY STRUCTURE
SATELLITE CITY STRUCTURE
GALAXY STRUCTURE
LINEAR CITY STRUCTURE
MULTIPOLE STRUCTURE
COMPACT CITY
FORM OF SPACE1. High Dense settlements2. Less Dependence of automobile3. Clear boundary
SPACECHARACTERISTICS
4. Mixed Land Use5. Diversity of life6. Clear Identity
FUNCTION 7. Social Fairness8. Self sufficient of daily life9. Independency of governance
HUBUNGAN ANTARA COMPACT CITY – SUSTAINABILITY CITY1. Pengurangan ketergantungan pada kendaraan bermotor2. Penyedian infrastruktur dan servis publik yang efisien3. Komunitas yang aktif melalui hunian kepadatan tinggi4. Revitalisasi pusat kota
COMPACT CITYDAMPAK COMPACT CITY
BENEFIT LOSS
-Penghematan Energi
-Pengurangan Emisi
-Peningkatan taraf hidup akibat kepadatan tinggi dan daerah peruntukan campuran
-Kejenuhan kota
-Polusi
-Menurunnya keramahan penduduk
-Pencegahan bencana
COMPACT CITY
SCENARIO1. Meningkatkan biaya transportasi pribadi2. Mengembangkan hunian berkepadatan tinggi dan pembauran
sosial3. Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi komersial4. Mengembangkan tata guna lahan campuran antara hunian
dan komersial5. Pemisahan yang tegas antara daerah hunian dan pertanian
COMPACT CITYPopulation Growth
(1975-2025)CONDITIONS GOALS
DDC Urban Population Ratio69.8% -> 84%
Urban Population730mil -> 1 bill
-Increase in amount of land area per capita <- decrease in population density-Increase in energy use <- increase in average travel distance, electrification of life-Increase of waste and pollution <- 53.6% of CO2 are discharged by 16.7% population
Advance in quality of life
DNC Urban Population Ratio626.7% -> 57.1%
Urban Population2mil -> 4 bill
-Efficient infrastructure supply <- To catch up with rapid population growth To keep close urban rural linkage-Poverty -> deteriorating urban environment-Security of social equity
Social services and poverty alleviation
DDC: Developed Country, DNC: Developing Country
EC’S COMPACT CITY-Urban sustainability as urban compactness and regeneration
Principal approaches in contemporary urban sustainability:
-Revitalizing cities by making them more compact
-Regenerating existing urban land
RECOMMENDATIONS:
-Heterogeneity, physical beauty, compactness of historic cities
COMPACT CITY @ developing countries
TANTANGAN:1. Kurangnya infrastruktur sosial yang disebabkan oleh
pertumbuhan penduduk melebihi pertumbuhan ekonomi2. Meningkatnya hunian liar3. Spekulasi tanah4. Sulitnya urban re development melalui demolisi pemukiman
kumuh5. Lemahnya sistem transportasi publik6. Kurangnya kapasitas perencanaan kota
COMPACT CITY @ INDONESIA
KEBIJAKAN COMPACT CITY@INDONESIA PENEKANAN PADA KONDISI KONDISI
BERKELANJUTAN:1. Penyediaan infrastruktur yang efisien2. Keseimbangan aktivitas perkotaan yang mempertimbangkan
kolaborasi dengan daerah rural sekitar3. Pertalian antara daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan4. Pencapaian kesetaraan/keadilan sosial
COMPACT CITY @ INDONESIA
PROPOSAL COMPACT CITY@INDONESIA1. Perkembangan Kota Vertikal2. Sistem Transportasi Massal yang terintegrasi3. Kota Berinti Ganda4. Tata bangunan dan lingkungan hemat energi5. Ruang Pejalan Kaki
URBAN CONSOLIDATION
A planning policy directed to bringing about the more efficient use of a finite resource namely existing or likely
future urban land and involves increase density
… is a process of increasing and/or maintaining the density of housing in established residential areas in order to
increase or maintain population densities of those areas
URBAN CONSOLIDATION
Environmentally responsible
Focused upon building economic development
Socially responsive
SMART GROWTHPLANNINGNSW
1. Converse Open Space2. Provide boundaries limiting the outward extension of growth3. Provide compact, mixed use developments amenable to
walking and transit4. Revitalize older downtown areas, inner-ring suburbs and
rundown commercial areas5. Provide reliable public transport to reduce car dependence
and support alternative development patterns6. Coordinate regional planning7. Equitable share resources and burdens (including affordable
housing) across metropolitan area
Example: Boston, Barcelona, Dublin, Vancouver
SMART GROWTHPLANNINGNSW
CHALLENGES:1. Lack of adoption across government2. Ongoing market support for urban sprawl3. Car dominance4. The need for better implementation techniques
GREEN SQUARELANDCOM
•Traditional owners: Cadigal (Carrahdigang) clan
•Suburbs in the Green Square area: Zetland and Beaconsfield, and parts of the suburbs of Alexandria, Rosebery and Waterloo
•Area: 278 hectares
•LGA: City of Sydney
•Projected resident population at 2021: 33, 148
•Projected workforce population at 2021: 28, 392
•Total No. of projected dwellings: 13,076
•Total projected residential floorspace: 1,310,000 square metres
•Total projected commercial and other non-residential floorspace: 854,000 square metre
•Total projected retail floorspace: 46,000 square metres
The vision for the Town Centre is that of a new and vibrant centre, a place where people will live and work, a place to shop, for entertainment, restaurants and cultural and community activities.
It will be home to approximately 5,500 residents and about 7,000 people are expected to work in the Town Centre. The strategic positioning of parks and public plazas will provide areas for recreation and relaxation.
The total gross floor space proposed for the Green Square Town Centre is 410,000m2, comprising 286,700m2 of residential, 106,800m2 of commercial and 16,500m2 retail.
GREEN SQUARETurner-Arets
DOCKLANDS@Melbourne
Initial Development:
This enabled consideration of several different approaches to such aspects as physical and visual connections with the city, the use of water as a thematic element, and the proportion and allocation of public open space.
The resulting open space network integrates green space with local bodies of water, and connects the Docklands with the central city and neighboring communities.
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