View
1.721
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Urban Form
refers to - the physical layout and - design of the city.
- to the spatial imprint of an urban transport system - as well as the adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.
Urban Form
‘urban form is defined
as the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.
GRID SYSTEM
GRID SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
GRID SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
GRID SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
GRID SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES
RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
NEW DELHI
RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES
LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
KOLKATTA MUMBAI
LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
LONDON
LINEAR SYSTEM
LINEAR SYSTEM
MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM
MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
ROME
MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM
MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM
URBAN STRUCTURE
NEW DELHI
URBAN STRUCTURE
MUMBAI
URBAN STRUCTURE
Urban (spatial) structure. Refers to the set of relationships arising out of the - urban form -and its underlying interactions of
-----people,
-------freight and ---------information.
URBAN STRUCTURE
the urban form and its spatial structure are articulated by two structural elements:
- Nodes.
- Linkages.
URBAN STRUCTURE
Nodes
- These are reflected in the centrality of urban activities,
- can be related to the spatial accumulation of economic activities or to the accessibility to the transport system.
- Terminals, such as ports, railyards, and airports, are important nodes around which activities agglomerate at the local or regional level.
- Nodes have a hierarchy related to their importance and contribution to urban functions, such as production, management, retailing and distribution.
URBAN STRUCTURE
Linkages.
-These are the infrastructures supporting flows from, to and between nodes.
-The lowest level of linkages includes streets, which are the defining elements of the urban spatial structure. -There is a hierarchy of linkages moving up to regional roads and railways and international connections by air and maritime transport systems.
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
Two basic forms of interdependent nodes are at the core of the urban spatial structure:
Accessibility nodes. -Relate to locations that transfer passengers and freight,
- include terminals such as ports, rail stations, airports and distribution centers.
-Most cities owe their initial development to a location that grants access to local, regional and/or international circulation, commonly a port site.
- Accessibility nodes are often dependent on the specific geographical requirements of each transport nodes, notably in terms of space consumption.
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
Economic nodes.
-Refer to locations that perform a function of economic significance.
-These functions are extremely varied and can include transformation, administration, education, retailing and leisure.
-Economic nodes tend to agglomerate, or to cluster, and are often dependent on access, if not close proximity, to an accessibility node or a linkage.
-Such clusters often take the form of central business districts, commercial strips industrial districts or logistics zones.
-The presence of nodes requires linkages, which can be serviced by different transport modes.
-Road and transit linkages are obviously local in scope often taking the form of a grid that characterizes the form of many cities,
-while rail, maritime and air linkages integrate the city to a wider context of distribution and trade.
-The complex set of relationships between nodes and their linkages imply an urban form which is unique in each case.
URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
The urban spatial structure basically considers - the location of different activities
- as well as their relationships.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
Core activities are those of the highest order in the urban spatial structure, namely tertiary and quaternary activities involved in management (finance and insurance) and consumption (retailing).
Central activities are concerned by production and distribution with activities such as warehousing, manufacturing, wholesaling and transportation.
Peripheral activities are dominantly residential or servicing local needs.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
A central area refers to an agglomeration of core and/or central activities within a specific location.
The emergence of a CBD (Central Business District; the central area of a city) is the result of an historical process,
- often occurring over several centuries (depending on the age of a city),
-that has changed the urban form and
-the location of economic activities.
each city has its own history, but it is possible to establish a general common process:
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(A)Pre industrial era.
For cities that existed before the industrial revolution, the CBD was limited to small section of the city generally nearby the waterfront, the market and/or a site of religious or political importance.
These were locations where major transactions took place and thus required financial, insurance, warehousing and wholesale services.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(B) Industrial revolution.
With the industrial revolution came mass production and mass consumption. This permitted the emergence of a distinct retailing and wholesaling part of the CBD while manufacturing located outside the core.
Managing these expanding activities also created an increasing need for office space that located nearby traditional places of financial interaction.
As the industrial revolution matured, major transportation axis spurred from the central area towards the periphery.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(C) Contemporary era.
After the Second World War, industries massively relocated away from central areas to suburban areas, leaving room to the expansion of administrative and financial activities.
The CBD was thus the object of an important accumulation of financial and administrative activities, particularly in the largest cities as several corporations became multinational enterprises.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(C) Contemporary era.
These activities were even more willing to pay higher rents than retailing, thereby pushing some retail activities out of the CBD.
New retailing sub-centers emerged in suburban areas because of road accessibility and because of the needs to service these new areas.
Warehousing and transportation, no longer core area activities, have also relocated to new peripheral locations.
The spatial structure of many cities became increasingly multi-nodal.
URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTUREEvolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
Recommended