Thinking Evil Thoughts

(without introducing more risk)

Thinking Evil Thoughts

PuppetGareth Rushgrove

A taste of threat modeling

(without introducing more risk)

@garethr

(without introducing more risk)

Gareth Rushgrove

(without introducing more risk)This Talk

What to expect

- What is threat modeling?- Getting the scope right- Identifying risks- Using conferences to hack people

Gareth Rushgrove

Introduce some security language to help you navigate the domain

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Dive straight into examples

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Empower you to ask questions more than provide easy answers

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(without introducing more risk)Threat modeling

A brief introduction

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a procedure for optimizing network security by identifying objectives and vulnerabilities

THREAT MODELING

- Determine scope- Identify threat agents and attacks- Understand existing countermeasures- Identify vulnerabilities- Prioritise risks- Identify countermeasures

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https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:Threat_Modeling

Inside each of us, there is theseed of both good and evil.It's a constant struggle as towhich one will win.

Gareth Rushgrove

“

”Eric Burdon

(without introducing more risk)Think evil.

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Getting the scope rights

Avoiding gaps in your threat model

Ignoring part of your systemwhen considering security isa common mistake

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Gareth Rushgrove

the attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (the "attack vectors") where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try to enter data to or extract data from an environment.

ATTACK SURFACE

(without introducing more risk)ExampleWhat is Production?

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LOAD BALANCER

FRONT END

BACK END

DATABASE

PRODUCTION?

LOAD BALANCER

FRONT END

BACK END

DATABASE

PRODUCTION?

PEOPLE

DESKTOPS

CI SERVER

LOAD BALANCER

FRONT END

BACK END

DATABASE

PRODUCTION?

PEOPLE

DESKTOPS

CI SERVER

HYPERVISOR MANAGEMENT MONITORING

Do you protect your CI stack as well as your production database?

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Could I execute a query on your production database if I compromised your CI server?

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ExampleThird party services

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an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trustthe third party

TRUSTED THIRD PARTY

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a term in computer science and security used to describe a boundary where program data or execution changes its level of "trust". The term refers to any distinct boundary within which a system trusts all sub-systems (including data).

TRUST BOUNDARY

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Why Serverless is a bad name

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(without introducing more risk)There are still servers somewhere

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How you think about the servers changes, and the respectiverisks and mitigations change.But servers still exist.

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Why NoOps is a bad name

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How you think about operations changes, and the respectiverisks and mitigations change.But operations still exist.

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Your attack surface is biggerthan you think

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(without introducing more risk)Identifying risks

The need to understand your system

Differences in how you perceivea system and how it actually works can be used to exploit it

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ExampleImmutable infrastructure

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Out systems are immutable,we don’t need runtime fileintegrity checking

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“”A possibly naive developer

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unchanging over time or unableto be changed.synonyms: unchangeable, fixed

IMMUTABLE

(without introducing more risk)Containers are notimmutable by default

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Containers are not immutable by default

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$ docker run -d alpine /bin/sh \ -c "while true; do echo hello world; sleep 1; done"

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$ docker exec a7a01beb14de touch /tmp/surprise

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$ docker diff a7a01beb14deC /tmpA /tmp/surprise

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$ docker run --read-only -d alpine /bin/sh \ -c "while true; do echo hello world; sleep 1; done"

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$ docker exec 379150b2cf05 touch /tmp/surprisetouch: cannot touch '/tmp/surprise': Read-only file system

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Do your immutable EC2 instances have read-only filesystems?

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(without introducing more risk)Most ImmutableInfrastructure isn’t

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Without technical controls you only have social guaranteesof immutability

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Hacking conferencesLooking for vulnerabilities

Let’s assume your applications and infrastructure are super secure*

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* This probably isn’t true. You should worry about that as well.

- Penetration testing- Intrusion detection system- Web application firewall- Network firewalls- Malware scanning- Configuration management

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How secure is your laptop?

- Hand maintained configuration- Updated whenever - No central monitoring - Administrative access- Single factor authentication

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Can you push new Dockerimages from your laptop?

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Can you create jobs on your Jenkins instance from your laptop?

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Can you launch new replication controllers from your laptop?

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Can you release new functionsto Lambda from your laptop?

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Real world threat

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As a hacker how do I own your laptop?

The fun stuff

Where can I find hundreds of developer laptops…

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Developer Conferences are a Target Rich Environment

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More InternetSome InternetMarks iPhoneFREE CONFERENCE WIFIHacked AndroidCONFERENCE VENUEPrivateSoftware CircusCompany next doorCoffee shop downstairsSoftware Circus IIDocker CorpAvengers TowerFONMy BlackberryNokia4everABANK

Gareth Rushgrove

More InternetSome InternetMarks iPhoneFREE CONFERENCE WIFIHacked AndroidCONFERENCE VENUEPrivateSoftware CircusCompany next doorCoffee shop downstairsSoftware Circus IIDocker CorpAvengers TowerFONMy BlackberryNokia4everABANK

This is the official conference wifi right?

Gareth Rushgrove

More InternetSome InternetMarks iPhoneFREE CONFERENCE WIFIHacked AndroidCONFERENCE VENUEPrivateSoftware CircusCompany next doorCoffee shop downstairsSoftware Circus IIDocker CorpAvengers TowerFONMy BlackberryNokia4everABANK

Or is it this one? Whatever, both work

Devices exist to man-in-the-middle wireless networks

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Who has ever picked up a USB memory stick at a conference?

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USB devices exist which will run a script on connect (normally by impersonating a keyboard)

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DELAY 1000COMMAND SPACEDELAY 500STRING TerminalDELAY 500ENTERDELAY 800STRING echo 'RSA_PUB_ID' >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keysENTERDELAY 1000STRING killall TerminalENTER

Add my public key

https://github.com/hak5darren/USB-Rubber-Ducky/wiki/Payload---OSX-Passwordless-SSH-access-%28ssh-keys%29

Local databases

Lots of people here are on Twitter and using the conference hashtag

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Lots of people here are on GitHub with the same username

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$ curl -s https://api.github.com/users/<username>/events/public \ | jq '.[].payload.commits[0].author.email' \ | sort \ | uniq \ | grep -v "null"

Email from GitHub user

an e-mail spoofing fraud attempt that targets a specific organization or individual, seeking unauthorized access to confidential data.

Gareth Rushgrove

SPEAR PHISHING

Hi <your name>

Great to see you at <conference name here> last week.

I thought you’d be interested in the container testing tool I mentioned. http://nothingevilhere.com. Would love to know what you think.

Hopefully see you at DockerCon next year too.

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So you’re saying we’re all doomed?

This is quite depressing now I think about it

Part of threat modeling is coming up with suitable mitigations to the risks identified

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- 2 factor authentication- Time-limited credentials- Separation of duties- Two person rule- Configuration management

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having more than one person required to complete a task. In business the separation by sharing of more than one individual in one single task is an internal control intended to prevent fraud and error.

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SEPARATION OF DUTIES

a control mechanism designed to achieve a high level of security for especially critical material or operations. Under this rule all access and actions requires the presence of two authorized people at all times.

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TWO-PERSON RULE

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a process that identifies critical information to determine if friendly actions can be observed by enemy intelligence and determines if information obtained by adversaries could be interpreted to be useful to them.

OPERATIONAL SECURITY (OPSEC)

Once you understand the threat you can seek out specific guidance

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- Protect data in transit- Protect data at rest- Authentication- Secure boot- Platform integrity and sandboxing- Application whitelisting

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- Malicious code detection- Security policy enforcement- External interface protection- Device update policy- Event collection and analysis- Incident response

https://www.cesg.gov.uk/guidance/end-user-devices-security-principles

Education. Education. Education.

Gareth Rushgrove

Gareth Rushgrove

(without introducing more risk)ConclusionsIf all you remember is…

With Cloud Native approachesdevelopers are nearer to production than ever before

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The efficiency of modern tooling introduces new threats, and magnifies existing ones

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Existing mitigations and security controls won’t be enough. You need to collaborate with security colleagues on new approaches

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Threat modeling should be part of your development process

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Elevation of privilege

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(without introducing more risk)Thanks

And any questions?