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The Great Acceleration
Population
US Bureau of the Census (2000) International databaseIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Total real GDP
Nordhaus (1997) The economics of new goods. University of Chicago PressIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Foreign direct investment
World Bank (2002) data and statisticsIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Damming of rivers
World Commission on Dams (2000)IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Water use
Shiklomanov (1990) Global Water ResourcesIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Fertiliser consumption
International Fertilizer Industry Association (2002)IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Urban population
The State of the World’s Cities (2001)IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Paper consumption
Pulp and paper international (1993)IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Motor vehicles
Global environmental outlook (2000)IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Telephones
Canning (2001) A database of world infrastructure stocks, 1950-95 World BankIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
International tourism
World Tourism Organization (2001) Tourism industry trendsIGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Shrimp farm production
IAnnual shrimp production as a proxy for coastal zone alteration. Sources: WRI (2003) A guide to world resources, 2002-2004
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Domesticated land
Amount of land converted to pasture and cropland. Source: Klein Goldewijk and Battjes (1997) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven, Netherlands
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Planetary response
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
Etheridge et al. Geophys Res 101: 4115-4128IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration
Machida et al Geophys Res Lett 22:2921-2925IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Atmospheric methane concentration
Blunier et al J Geophy Res 20: 2219-2222IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Northern hemisphere average surface temperature
Mann et al Geophys Res Lett 26(6): 759-762IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Ozone depletion
percentage total column ozone loss over Antarctica, using the average annual total column ozone, 330, as a base. Image: J.D. Shanklin, British Antarctic Survey
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Tropical rainforest and woodland loss
Loss of tropical rainforest and woodland, as estimated for tropical Africa, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia. Sources: Richards (1990) In: The Earth as transformed by human action, Cambridge
University Press IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Natural climatic disasters
Decadal frequency of great floods (one-in-100-year events) after 1860 for basins larger than 200 000 km2 with observations that span at least 30 years. Source: Milly et al. (2002) Nature 415:514-517 IGBP synthesis:
Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Fisheries exploitation
Percentage of global fisheries either fully exploited, overfished or collapsed. Source: FAOSTAT (2002) Statistical databases
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Coastal zone nitrogen flux
Model-calculated partitioning of the human-induced nitrogen perturbation fluxes in the global coastal margin for the period since 1850. Source: Mackenzie et al. (2002) Chem. Geology 190:13-32
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Biodiversity loss
Mathematically calculated rate of extinction. Source: Wilson (1992) The diversity of life, the Penguin Press.IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
Great acceleration
IGBP synthesis: Global Change and the Earth System, Steffen et al 2004
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