Technology Transfer General Concepts: Part I

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INTRODUCTION PART I

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Information without any cost

1. WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER?

2. DIFFERENT DENOMINATIONS

3. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY IN PRACTICE

4. PROPERTY RIGHTS

5. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

6. TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

7. CAPITAL GOODS AND ICT

8. THE CONCEPT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D)

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9.HOW TO WORK WITH TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/UNIVERSITIES

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1. CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Concept

Technology transfer consists on the movement of technology and associated knowledge from a provider to a receiver, who uses them for the same purporses as the provider in exchange for compensation, usually economic

CompanySupplier

Technology and/or knowledge

A consideration

2. DIFFERENT DENOMINATIONS

Depending on the context of use, technology transfer is given different names:

•Technology transfer

•Knowledge transfer

•Technical cooperation

•Purchase and sell of technology

•Technology acquisition-licesing

•Technology import-export

•Technological alliance

3. TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY IN PRACTICE

PROPERTY RIGHTS SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

CAPITAL GOODS AND ICT TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

Pre-commercial and high uncertainty stage

Low visibility and tangibili-sation

Commercial stage with low uncertainty

High visibility and tangibili-sation

4. PROPERTY RIGHTS

To speak of property rights is to speak of technology materialised as inventions (devices, components, processes, methosds…) that are protected by means of one or several existing types of industrial and intellectual property rights (patent, utility, models, designs, marks, copyrights) and/or industrial secrets

It is technology that is available for acquisition that commonly comes as the result of research and development (R&D) processes and is found in a somewhat advanced state of development (pre-industrial or pre-commercial stage), requiring final adaptation in order to be used in the market and possessing a certain degree of uncertainty as to the success of the final application

In this context, technology can be understood as the practical use of scientific knowledge obtained from R&D activity. This type of technology is generally available from universities and research institutes, although it is also found in technology centres and companies

- For example: the patent for teh active ingredient for treatment of a disease of value for the pharmaceutical industry would be a case of property rights

5. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Scientific knowledge refers to the scientific and technological knowledge and skills needed to develop future R&D activities, generally through the academic and scientific learning and experience of highly qualified personnel. It refers to the mastery of state of the art in a scientific discipline and scientific methos as a methodology that permits the creation of new knowledge through R&D projects with a high degree of uncertainly as to the success of the project and of the application of its results

This type of technology-producing knowledge is mainly available from universities, research institutes and technology centres and somewhat less in companies. The technology for transfer appears as the result of R&D activities, which is new technology, non-existent prior to the R&D project

For instance, the technological and academic mastery of the technology for nanostructures in materials that allows a new technology development project

6. TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE

This refers to technical knowledge and skills that are generally concealed (as part of the know-how and experience of individuals inside an organisation) or in the public domain (regulations, laws etc…) destined to render more or less advanced services of advice/consulting, assistance, enginineering, test, trainning or similar

These services are already available in the market (there is no uncertainty as to their business application because they have previously been rendered)

They tend to be very specific and are privided by means of special infrastructure (mechanical test bed, advanced electron microscope etc…) and are priovided by experts in their fields.

Technology centres and companied are the most common providers of this type of knowledge as are universities and research instituted.

For example, advisory services for the choice of the best technologgy available for the treatment of industrial waste or for standards compliance testing in the European Union for a solar collector imported from China.

7. CAPITAL GOODS AND ICT

These are capiel and knowledge intensive material assets that are already available in the market and are an important source of technological innovation for certain companies. In this case, the technology is concealed inside the capital goods (machinery, equipment, production plant etc…) in the form of knowledge and property rights

As particular case, it is also possible to consider information and communication technology (ICT) as a category of technology, giben that the incorporation of specific advanced software or hardware often gives a huge competitive advantage.

Capital goods and ICT are almost exclusively marketed by companies. On certain occasions, software developments by universities, research instituted and technology centres can be included in the first-category (property rights) owing to the innovation and particular features of the developments.

Outside of this, typical examples of this type of technology are high-speed automatic packaging machinery for the food processing industry and the computerised enterprise resource planning (ERP) system used in the wine-making industry.

8. THE CONCEPT OF RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT (R&D)

Following on from the definitions and classifications of technology, it makes sense to explain the concepts related to research and development

8. THE CONCEPT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (2/2)

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