Soil Densification is a Strategic Need for the Palm Island Development Sustainability

Soil Densification

I Al JANABINakheel Marine GroupNakheel CorporationA Dubai World Company

American Society of Civil Engineers5th International Engineering and Construction ConferenceIrvine, CA, USAAugust 27–29, 2008

A Necessity for the Palm Island

Development Sustainability

NAKHEEL PUTS DUBAI ON THE MAP

Nakheel Puts Dubai on the Map

Nakheel: Where Vision Inspires Humanity

The VisionThe roots of the vision can be traced to a period at the end of the last century when the leaders of Dubai took hold of a belief that THE CITY

could become one of the leading tourist destination in the World.

The development, stylized in the shape of a Palm Tree, pays homage to Dubai’s two most important symbols – The Palm Tree, also known as ‘

‘The Bride of the Orchard’ and water, the regions primary source of nourishment, pleasure and trade.

Nakheel is a key player in realizing the vision to develop the Palm as a city by itself, hence the process will create a world-class destination for

business and tourism.

• Enhancing the Prosperity, Enjoyment and Safety of People

• Maximizing Beachfront Areas Leading to New Leisure Resorts by 78 Km

• Creation of a Peculiar Maritime Transportation Plan

• Generating Exclusive Underwater Coral Reefs and Marinas

• Boost Tourism Industry

• Generate Alternative Revenues to Oil• Recognize Dubai as One of the World’s Leaders in Business

and Leisure Hubs.

Nakheel: Where Vision Inspires Humanity

• Such ambition is embodied by Nakheel’s signature development by bringing plans into realization through involving into the creation of the World’s largest 3 man made islands

• After several years of feasibility studies, the Palm was launched in 2001 and the reclamation program began in earnest

• The first two Palm Islands in “Jumeirah and Jebel Ali” consumed approximately 100 million cubic meters of rock and sand,

• The Palm Island in Deira will take in 1.2 billion cubic meters of rock and sand – all of which will be quarried in the UAE.

• Between the three Islands’ there will be over 100 luxury hotels including the Trump , 10,000 exclusive residential beachside villas, 5,000 shoreline apartments, marinas that will house more than 50,000 yachts, water theme parks such as Sea World by Bush Enterprise, restaurants, malls, sports facilities, health spas, cinemas and extensive dive sites

• AWARDS

• ARDA'S (American Resort Development Association) Global Award for Resort Design – 2005

• 'International Samoter Award' , The International Exhibition of Earth Moving, Site and Building Industry Machinery - 2005

• The Visual Identity of The Palm has Already Won the Prestigious “American Corporate Identity Award”

A VISION COME TO LIFE

• The Palm Island in Jumeirah•• The finished Palm includes 500,000 sq.m.

ATLANTIS water park and hotel at the head of the Crescent

• 1,500 luxurious beach side smart developed villas

• 2200 shoreline apartments offering the beauty of waterfront

• The Trump Hotel and Tower provides over 800 condominium units for the fast paced jet setter

• Exclusive mega yachts marinas with more than 2000 berths

• Cirque de Soleil will be permanently stationed at the tip of the Trunk

• Exquisite underwater facilities for diving and snorkeling enjoying one of the World’s beautiful coral reef

• Waterways transportation facilities• Cruising dhows restaurants and malls• 5 Km monorail taking directly from the shore

to the Atlantis resort• Underwater tunnels•

A DREAM COME TRUE

• The Palm Island Development in Jebel Ali

Nakheel: Where Vision Inspires Humanity

• The Palm Island Development in Deira

Dubai Based Projects’ Locations

Evolution of the Palm Island in Jumeirah through Soil Reclamation May 2002

Evolution of the Palm Island in Jumeirah through Soil Reclamation September 2002

Evolution of the Palm Island in Jumeirah through Soil Reclamation January 2003

Evolution of the Palm Island in Jumeirah through Soil Reclamation May 2003

Evolution of the Palm Island in Jumeirah through Soil Reclamation February 2006

Palm Jumeirah; A Vision Come True

Soil type based on particle size

Soil Type Particle-Size Range

Boulder > 0.3 mCobble 0.15 – 0.3 mGravel 2.0 mm – 0.15 mSand 0.075 – 2.0 mmSilt 0.002 – 0.0075 mmClay < 0.002 mm

Standard soil particle size distribution curve used to refer to soil particles grain-sizes after performing The Dry Soil Mechanical Sieve Analysis (ASTM D – 422). The adjoining table shows ranges of soil sizes.

The Palm Island - Jumeirah Mainly soil is Carbonate type made up of Calcareous shelly materials. Although neither the actual shell nor carbonate content appear to have been measured in samples of the actual hydraulic fill. It is highly recommended to assume that we are dealing with Carbonate sand. Soil in deemed amenable for the dumping of the Island if content of the grains after sieve analysis is less than 10% fines (grain size 0.063 mm) and less than 2% clay (American Standard).

Water Table Recognition - – The Palm Jumeirah

1.25 meters

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Zone Load Test’s Concrete Base on Top of Water Table

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Preliminary Level Survey Before Loading

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Weights Loading Process

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Weights Loading Process

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Location : CrescentStatic loading reached up to 650 tons. 185 kN/sq.m.Test duration 14 days.

Settlements gradually increased from 0.00 to 11.00 mm (approximately).

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Location : Frond EPeriodic Measurements of Settlements

Location: Crescent

Weight Used: 650 Tons

Location: CrescentWeight loaded: 650 Tons

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

0 4 8 12 16

Penetration resistance, qc, (MPa)

16

12

8

4

0

Dep

th (m

)

0 4 8 12 16

Penetration resistance, qc, (MPa)

16

12

8

4

0

Dep

th (m

)

Penetration Resistance Versus Depth on the Trunk

Penetration Resistance Versus Depth on the Fronds

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Dilatometer as a Vibrocompaction Control Test Criteria

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Cone Penetration Test (CPT) as a Vibro Compaction Test Criteria Before and After Trial Tests

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Corrected CPT resistance, qc1N

Cyclic stress ratio, CSR

Liquefaction

No liquefaction

Silica sandsShelly sands

Relative density, Dr

Log (qc/(σ’vo)0.5)

Low compressibility silica sands

High compressibilityshelly sands

Assessment of liquefaction potential

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

0 1 2 3 4Distance from vibroflot (m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Con

e pe

netra

tion

resi

stan

ce, q

c, (M

Pa)

Trial - TrunkProduction - Frond E

Zone of improvementin trial

Range of qc pre-treatment

Results of Keller Vibro Compaction Trial at the Trunk 2004

0 1 2 3 4Distance from vibroflot (m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Con

e pe

netra

tion

resi

stan

ce, q

c, (M

Pa)

Zone of improvement

Range of qc pre-treatment

Results of Bauer Vibro Compaction Trial at the Trunk 2004

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

• Dubai is in the Seismic Zone 2A (UBC) that could be subjected to an earthquake for the magnitude of 5.5 – 6.0 Richter. This will affect the medium and lower layers creating large damage to the Island’s stability, hence leading to huge cracks in soil strata, thus endangering civil safety and structural failure.

• Crescent’s slopes are unstable due to erosion effect, thus needs to be stabilized to achieve a sustainable slope rate of 1:7.

• For the villas on the Fronds, design Bearing Capacity was found to be in the range of 50 kN/m2 for G+1 type and 80 kN/m2 for G+2 type, swimming pool of size 3x6 and 5x8 meters yields a pressure of 190 kN/m2 and an underground concrete water tank (2x2x3 meters) yields a pressure of 190 kN/m2 acting as a concentrated load. Both the swimming pools and the water tanks would settle during construction yielding large differential settlements after a period of 30 – 60 days leading to failure effect in lots utility connections and hence effecting the development’s stability.

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

Advantages of Soil densification will Achieve a Geotechnical ProAdvantages of Soil densification will Achieve a Geotechnical Profile that file that Would Meet the Following Technical Requirements:Would Meet the Following Technical Requirements:

••Abolishing the hazards of liquefactions and its consequences incAbolishing the hazards of liquefactions and its consequences including luding lateral spreading of the fill and earthquake induced settlemenlateral spreading of the fill and earthquake induced settlements.ts.

••Acceptable longAcceptable long--term self weight settlement of the fill, including creep.term self weight settlement of the fill, including creep.••Minimize differential settlement, hence eliminate structural andMinimize differential settlement, hence eliminate structural and utilities utilities failures.failures.

•• Reduce long term upperReduce long term upper--flow of sea water table under structure's flow of sea water table under structure's foundation. Thereby eliminating material corrosion and high acfoundation. Thereby eliminating material corrosion and high acidic wateridic waterattack on sweet soil level.attack on sweet soil level.

••Upkeep Nakheel quality reputed products and gain ClientUpkeep Nakheel quality reputed products and gain Client’’s satisfaction.s satisfaction.••Minimize long term maintenance costs.Minimize long term maintenance costs.

Geotechnical Investigation – The Palm Jumeirah

• Utility Lots minimum 200 kN/sq.m.• Roads minimum 150 kN/sq.m.• ROW for Utility Services minimum 150 kN/sq.m.• Maximum Long Term Settlement Inferior or Equal to 25 mm• The Differential Settlement for any Individual Structure shall not

Exceed L/750 (length of any dimension of the structure divided by the Newton factor of 750.)

• ZERO RISK OPTION ONLY

To achieve Island’s stability an optimized system has been analyzed, studied, and recommended to obtain optimum results preventing imminent structural damage due to immediate and differential settlement and mitigating liquefaction due to seismic effects.

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Vibro Compaction on Frond E in One Line

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Accurate Placing of Vibration Probe

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Ground Cracking and Subsidence

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

3-5 meters Ground Cracking

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Subsidence Level After Vibro Subsidence Level After Vibro Compaction

1.4 – 1.5 meters

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Testing

Vibro Compaction– The Palm Jumeirah

Compaction Points by Triangle Method of 3.0 meters Distance to Achieve the Densification Weigh Criteria

As the spacing decreases, the better the densification of soil and the higher the bearing capacity reaching up to 200 kN/sq.m. and Post CPT test results have increased to 15 MPa; moreover, the relative density has increased from 25 % to approximately 75 %. These tests results had shown that the existing dredged soil is susceptible to improvement using imported selected sand to densify it alleviating its characteristics values, hence would decrease the risk of differential settlements and effect of liquefaction.

CPT PLOTS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Cone Resistance (Mpa)

Dep

th(m

)

1m aw ay from the probe Mid point of the probes Weighted Average curve Design curve

The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2004 Vibro Compaction Frond E Post CPT Results

1

4

4,250

1

9

9,444

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

1/1000 scale

Thousands

Zones

Cost Comparison between 2000 and 900 sq.m.Post-CPT testing Zones

Unitrate perzone(AED)

NumberofZones

Totalcostover allarea

Unit rate per zone(AED)

1000 1000

Number of Zones 4250 9444

Total cost over allarea

4,250,000 9,444,444

2000 m2 zone 900 m2 zone

Cost Comparison (AED) between (2000 sq.m. and 900 sq.m.) Post-CPT testing Zones

4,250,000

9,444,444

5,194,444

2000 m2 zone900 m2 zoneVariance

The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2005Soil Densification Works Planning

The Palm Island – Jumeirah 2004

Construction Development of Villas and Infrastructure at Frond E

The Palm Island - JumeirahFrond E Villas

A VISION COME TO LIFE

A VISION COME TO LIFE

Thank You

Questions

I Al JanabiNakheel 2008