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Sch
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ical sciences Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Understanding the gendered
control of assets:
Findings from Uganda
Gorettie Nabanoga and Justine Namaalwa
School of Forestry, Environment and Geographical Studies Makerere
University
October 2011
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Project Goal/Objectives
HOW-
People gain secure access to assets
including land
The patterns differ for women and men
The formal legal frameworks and social
norms, including marital and inheritance
patterns, shape the individual’s access to
land and other assets
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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Uganda- Study districts
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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Study sites
Selection - based on the differences in land tenure
regimes and culture
3 Districts
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
District
Sample size (n)TotalMale Female
Kapchorwa 121 117 238
Kibaale 122 149 271
Luweero 111 150 261
Total 354 416 770
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METHODOLOGYFocus group discussions
[2 per village, separate for
men and women]
Key Informants
[Up to 4 per village]
Surveys
[HH=379; Indv=770]Primary Respondent
Other individuals (>18 yrs up to 3 pple)
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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Major Assets considered
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Major Assets
• Land & Dwelling
• Livestock
• Financial
• Phyical assets
Acquistion & Ownership patterns
Bundles of Rights
Marital and Inheritence Regimes
Fate of Property
Individual Perceptions
Extra Ordinary Losses and Shocks
Conflicts
Assets involved
Parties involved in Resolving
Considerations
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Bundles of Rights
• Use rights:
– Access , Withdrawal
• Control rights:
– Exclusion
– Management
– Alienation (transfer/Sell/Bequeath)
• Usufruct (earn income from)
Strengthening someone’s control rights weakens others’ use rights
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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The study
Provides empirical evidence of:
• The concept of ownership in the context of
legal pluralism
– Goes beyond legalistic definition & considers
the social/cultural definition
• The importance of the various social &
cultural institutions in asset ownership &
accumulation
– Marriage +++Inheritance regimes
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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Demographics
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Marital Regimes
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
% o
f R
esp
on
den
ts
Divorced
Widowed
Single
Consensual
Statutory&ReligiousCustomary Education
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Tertiary
A-Level
O-Level
Primary
No EducationMale Female
Kapchorwa 121 117Kibaale 122 149Luwero 111 150
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LAND – Reported Ownership
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Joint-Other
Joint-Spouse
Sole Female
Sole Male
Individualistic
Parcels
Joint
Parcels
Men 110259
Women 94
• Joint Ownership was often
reported
• Individualistic ownership more
common in Kibaale and Luweero
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Land–Mode of Acquistion & Ownership
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Individual Female Land Owners (n=94)
Inheritance
Gift/Transfer
Sole Purchase
Joint Purchase
Rent/Lease
Through Spouse
Individual Male Land owners (n=110)
Joint land Owners(n=329)
• Female owners
– Mainly inherit & receive gifts/ transfers
– Several purchases
• Male Owners
– More likely - Purchased & Inheritence
• Jointly owned Parcels
– Joint Purchases
– Inheritence & Through spouse = customary
notions
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Female Land Owners- Source
inherited land & Gifts/Transfers
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Kapchorwa InheritedGifts/
Transfers
Respondent’s mother
Respondent’s father 2 1
Other relative 1Spouse 5 1
Government 3KibaaleRespondent’s mother 1 1Respondent’s father 2
Other relative 1Spouse 5 3Government 1
LuweeroRespondent’s mother 1 3Respondent’s father 5 1
Other relative 3 3Spouse 4 3
5% 4% 4%
6%
65%
15%
Marital Status of Women Individual Land Owners (n=94)
Customary Statutory/Religious
Consensual Single/Never Married
Widowed Divorced/Separated
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LAND- Ownership Documents
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Documents Exisiting
• No Documentation = 27%
• Some Document = 73%
– Sales Receipts/Agreements = 80%
– Registered Deed = 6%
– Other documents e.g will = 15%
“Lack of registered deed ≠ imply
insecurity of ownership”
Names
• Individualistic Parcels
– Majority had personal names
• Joint parcels
– Mainly the names of male partner
Who owns a given
parcel of land
How was it Acquired
”Perceived”
Any form of Documentation
Names on the document
Legalistic Ownership
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% of men or women in that district N=
Perceived Ownership
Any document
in own name
Registereddeed in
own name
Kapchorwa Men 113 80% 59% 3%
Kapchorwa Women 125 69% 20% 1%
Kibaale Men 122 67% 57% 3%
Kibaale Women 149 60% 22% 0%
Luweero Men 111 61% 39% 0%
Luweero Women 150 49% 17% 3%
Total 770 63% 34% 2%
Total Men 346 69% 52% 2%
Total Women 424 58% 20% 1%
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What Would Qualify ”Ownership”?
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
OWN AN ASSET
Form of Acquisition Some proof of
Ownership
Control Rights•Exclusion•Management•Alienation (transfer)
Use Rights
• Access
• WIthdrawal
• Individually• Jointly = Prior consultations
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BUNDLES OF RIGHTS
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Perceived Owner-ship Sell
Sellalone Bequeath
Bequeath alone
Rentout
Rent out alone
Kapchorwa M 80% 57% 2% 64% 3% 57% 4%
Kapchorwa W 69% 42% 2% 42% 2% 42% 3%
Kibaale M 67% 39% 4% 47% 5% 45% 3%
Kibaale W 60% 19% 4% 19% 5% 28% 6%
Luweero M 61% 28% 5% 38% 18% 33% 7%
Luweero W 49% 15% 5% 16% 9% 20% 6%
Total 63% 32% 4% 36% 7% 36% 5%
Total Men 69% 41% 4% 49% 8% 45% 5%
Total Women 58% 25% 4% 25% 5% 29% 5%
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Sources of Land Insecurity
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
No
. o
f In
secu
re R
esp
on
den
ts
Sex of Respondent by District
Any Other Reasons
Illness of myself
Death of HH head
Eviction_Political person
Eviction_extended family
Eviction_landlord
• Evictions by Extended family and/Death of HH head
• Customary norms prevailing
• Resettled/immigrant communities
– Evictions by landlord; Situations of Bibanja holders = Absentee landlords
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Phyical assets & Consumer durables
• Luweero and Kibaale-highest no. physical assets
• Rural people accumulate less of the luxurious assets
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
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Shocks & Assets Sold/Pawned
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Illn
ess_
P
Illn
ess _
Oth
er
De
ath
HH
_m
em
ber
Na
tura
l D
isa
ste
rs
Ro
bb
ery
Pe
rso
na
l ill
ness
Iilln
ess _
HH
me
mb
er
De
ath
HH
_m
em
ber
Na
tura
l D
isa
ste
rs
Ro
bb
ery
Pe
rso
na
l ill
ness
Iilln
ess _
HH
me
mb
er
De
ath
HH
_m
em
ber
Na
tura
l D
isa
ste
rs
Ro
bb
ery
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
No
. C
as
es
Major Shock
• Respondents were
asked if they had
experienced a shock
and how they had
coped
• One response to
shocks is to sell assets
• Although patterns differ
by district, the most
common asset to sell in
response to shocks is
livestockLivestock, Land, other assets & dwelling
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CONFLICTS
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
• Most of the Conflicts
were related to land
– Ownership rights
• Most conflicts have
been or were under
resolution
• Kapchorwa = Active
Paralegals who worked
in hand with traditional
leaders
Role Players Kapchorwa Kibaale Luweero
Community leader (clan/elder) 59% 31% 27%Local Court/Official 14% 25% 35%
Family 23% 34% 30%
Other 4% 9% 8%
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PERCEPTIONS- INHERITANCE REGIMES
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%M
ale
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Equal Right to Inherit a House/Land
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
Male
Fem
ale
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Right for Wives to Inherit a Land/House
Don't know
Yes
No
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Male Female Male Female Male Female
KAPCHORWA KIBALE LUWEERO
Right for Women to Claim House upon Divorce
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Key Messages1. Socio-cultural meaning/perception of property
(esp. land) ownership is different from the
legalistic definition
2. Land is one of the most important assets
– Productive resource after which accumulation of other
assets is facilitated
• Use of land to manage other resources e.g. livestock
• Use of the proceedings from the land-based activities e.g.cultivation to purchase other assets
• Land as collateral
– This implies that secure access to and/or ownership of
land would greatly enhance
• economic wellbeing, choice of livelihood, social status,
empowerment, asset accumulation for all individuals in
the community and more specifically the women
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Key Messages cont’d
3. We need to devise ways of securing women’s
existing property rights
– Women’s access to assets depends on different
stages of their life cycle (Daughter, wife, widow)
4. Even though rural communities would aspire to
register their land rights (titling), the process has
not benefitted rural communities
5. Our findings challenge the western notion of
ownership
Presentation at Gender and Assets Workshop - IFPRI, Washington DC. 13th Oct. 2011
Sch
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