Poultry3 2010

Introduction to Animal Science

POULTRYLecture 3

Dr. Jacquie JacobModified by Tony Seykora

JUNGLE FOWL

EGG PRODUCTION

PUREBREDMEAT PRODUCTION

Weight = 2 lbEggs/yr = 10-12

BROILER INDUSTRY

CHICKENS(Gallus domesticus)

“Broiler”: Where did the name come from?

• Term used to initial method of preparation– “… broilers was the American name for young

birds from five to six weeks old, which are picked up, plucked and trussed, split open, and broiled much like a mackerel.”

U.S. CHICKEN MEAT INDUSTRY

• An agribusiness giant – Sells $25 billion worth of product at the

wholesale level– Generates $40 billion in retail sales

Broiler Production by State in 2008

Billions of Broilers1.Georgia 1.42.Arkansas 1.23.Alabama 1.1

19. Minnesota .04

Broiler Production in 2007

U.S. BROILER INDUSTRY• Today most chicken meat is produced by

vertically integrated companies– Companies own the hatcheries, feed mills,

processing plants, marketing schemes and contract with broiler breeders (for production of the hatching eggs) and broiler growers (to raise out the broiler chicks)

Broilers are generally grown out by contract growers.

CHICKEN MEAT PRODUCTION

• Dedicated meat chickens (broilers) were initially based on Barred Plymouth Rock and New Hampshire breeds

• Later they also included Cornish and White Plymouth Rock

Pedigree flocks (Pure lines) Male Line#1 #2

♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀

Female Line#3 #4

♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀Great-Grandparents

♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀Grandparents

♂ x ♀ ♂ x ♀Expansion flocks (Inbreeding)

♂ + ♀ ♂ + ♀

Parents ♂ x ♀

♂ + ♀

Broiler chick

BROILER INDUSTRYHistory

Year Weight (lbs)

Feed efficiency (lbs feed/lb gain)

Age marketed (weeks)

1935 2.80 4.4 16.0

1950 3.00 3.5 11.0

1975 3.75 2.0 8.0

1994 4.65 1.9 6.5

BROILER PRODUCTION

• Marketed at 4-10 weeks of age– Cornish hens

• 4 weeks of age and 2.85 lb– Fast food restaurants

• 6 weeks of age and 4.1 lb– For grocery stores

• 7.5 weeks of age and 6.0 lb– Deboned chicken for sandwiches, nuggets, etc

• 8.5 weeks of age and 6.5 lb

Premium Selects KabobsReady-to-cook, skewered and lightly breaded boneless, skinless breast tenders. Just add fresh veggies for great grilling.

Chili Lime MarinadesBoneless, skinless breasts marinated with chili peppers and the fresh zest of lime. Perfect on the grill or to spice up your favorite chicken salad recipe.

Boneless Skinless Chicken Breast Fillets Individually wrapped, marinated and hand-trimmed for the ultimate in nutrition (99-percent fat-free), flavor and convenience.

Stuffed Chicken Breasts A truly special meal without the effort. Fresh, flavorful and ready to cook, in five outstanding varieties. Go from fridge to extraordinary entrée in 25 to 30 minutes.

BROILER HOUSES

Evaporative cooling pads

Mechanic loading of broilers and turkeys

Growth of the U.S. broiler industry is dependent upon international trade (i.e., exports)

Factors affecting ability to export

• Politics• Disease status of exporting country

– Avian Influenza– Exotic Newcastle disease

Total chicken meat production(metric tons in RTC equivalents)

Rank Country 2001 Production

1 United States 14,210,000

2 China 9,401,000

3 Brazil 6,223,000

4 Mexico 1,898,000

5 Thailand 1,260,000

6 United Kingdom 1,258,000

7 Japan 1,180,000

8 France 1,100,000

9 Spain 1,012,000

10 Canada 943,000

Other chicken meat breeds: Silkies

Silkie chickens• Believed to be medicinal by Asian population• Black skin, black meat, black bones• Five toes

TURKEY INDUSTRY

TURKEYS(Meleagris gallopavo)

Wild turkey indigenous to the ‘New World’

TURKEYS

Turkeys taken to Spain by Spanish explorers

Turkeys brought back to America by colonists

Aztecs domesticate the turkey

TURKEYS

• Kept commercially for meat production

Modern 2003RBC 1966

112 days

196 days

Havenstein and Qureshi et al, 2004

GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN

Turkeys

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

2007 Turkey Production

2009 state Turkey Production

Millions 1. Minnesota 45.5 2. North Carolina 37.5 3. Arkansas 28.0

Turkey production:Range production

Turkey production:Confinement

Turkey Industry• Increasing emphasis on value-added products

Quarter breast: Oven Roasted, Hickory Smoked, Honey Cured, Fat Free Rotisserie, Mesquite Flavored and Fat Free Garlic Pepper flavored

Turkey ham: Processed from boneless tenderized turkey thigh meat

Turkey products

Luncheon meatsHot dogs BaconGround turkey

Roast in its own bag SausageMeatballs Pastrami

Turkey products

Gizzards Turkey Fries

= Male gonads

OTHER POULTRY SPECIES

DUCKS(Anas platyrhynchos)

Descended from the wild mallard

(except for the Muscovy duck)

MALLARD

Male sex-feather

WILD MALLARD

MEAT PRODUCTION

Rouen Pekin

EGG PRODUCTION

KhakiCampbell

IndianRunner

EXHIBITION

Crested

MUSCOVY DUCKCairina moschata

No male sex-feather

• Has a body like a duck• Nests, attacks predators, and hisses like a goose • Roosts like a chicken• Has a plump breast like a turkey

MUSCOVY DUCKS

• Originated in South America• Because of tropical origin, has lower

body fat content

Mule duck

Muscovy male x Mallard female

Moulard duck

Muscovy male x Pekin female

Foie gras

In some commercial plants, ducks or geese are fattened by a special process resulting in a considerable enlargement of their livers, which are sold as a delicacy, pâté de foie gras.

Foie gras production

Duck egg products

Balut: Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers

Balut

GEESE(Anser anser)

GEESE

• Domestic breeds of western origin: from the Greylag goose

• Domestic breeds of eastern origins: from the Swan goose??

Foie gras

Feathers

Meat

Down

Embden Toulouse- the two most popular breeds in the U.S.

Chinese geese come in two colors – white and grey.

PIGEONSfrom the Rock Dove (Columba livia)

PIGEONS

• Originally kept for meat• Later selected for homing ability

– used by ancient Greeks– used during the war

• Also used for racing and game competition

Squab production

Commercial production in Europe, Australia and North America

[Bokhari Squab Farm, California, USA]

• Pigeons are not precocial (they are altricial) so are not typically hatched artificially (i.e., can’t buy day-old squab like you can buy day-old chicks)

2 days 10 days 20 days

Pigeons

Altricial vs. Precocial• Altricial – Species whose individuals are

insufficiently developed at birth/hatching to see, move in a coordinated fashion and fend for themselves– Neonatal individuals require considerable parental

care• Precocial – Species whose individuals are

sufficiently developed at birth/hatching to see, move in a coordinated fashion and fend fairly well for themselves– Neonatal individuals require much less parental care

Pigeons

• Squab taken when 25 to 30 days old and weighing ¾ to 1½ lb.

RATITES• Ostriches (Asia, Europe, Africa)• Emus (Australia)• Rheas (South America)

OstrichStruthio camelus, family Struthionidae

Female Male

Ostrich industry

Commercial ostrich production

South Africa and Israel supply meat, hide and feathers to European countries, Japan and North America

Switzerland and Belgium are the biggest importers of ostrich meat

Japan and the United States are the biggest importers of tanned ostrich hides

Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, family Dromaiidae

Emu industry

Commercial emu production• Australia• Canada

Rhea family Rheidae (two species)

Rhea industry

Commercial rhea productionSmall industry in:

– Canada– U.K.

Game birds

• For release in hunting preserves• For meat production• For egg production (depending on species)

Pheasant

Also known as the Ring-necked Pheasant.

The Ring-necked Pheasant is native to Russia. It has been introduced all over the world as a game bird.

Partridge

In the pheasant family, intermediate in size between pheasants and quail. Not native to U.S.

Quail

• Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix)– divergently selected for egg production

and meat yield• Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

– for meat production– for release in game preserves

Bobwhite quail

Japanese quail

Guinea fowl

Commercial guinea fowl production

Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India.

During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food.

Commercial guinea fowl production

• Europe dominates industrial production – France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary

all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens - mainly to produce meat for luxury markets

– Many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to guinea fowl