Oracle 12c Application development

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Oracle Database 12cApplication DevelopmentOracle Database 12cApplication Development

Saurabh K. Gupta

Oracle Database Product Management

Big DataBig Data

ConsolidationConsolidation

Data Data OptimizationOptimization

Application DevelopmentApplication Development

Data WarehousingData Warehousing

Plug into the Cloud

Security & ComplianceSecurity & Compliance

High AvailabilityHigh Availability

InIn--MemoryMemory

Performance & ScalabilityPerformance & Scalability

Data WarehousingData Warehousing

Development in Oracle Database 12c

A rich and powerful development environment

Agenda

• Temporal Databases

• SQL New features

• PL/SQL New features

• Partitioning

• SQL Developer

Multitenant New Features in 12.1.0.2

• Subset by tablespace

• Metadata-only clone

• Remote clone (including snapshots)

• New SQL clause to aggregate data across PDBs

select ENAME from containers(scott.EMP)where CON_ID in (45, 49);

Cloning

Cross PDB Queries

• New “standbys” clause

• (all | none)

• Nologging clause at PDB level

• Flashback data archive, transaction query & backout

• Temporal SQL Support

• Compatible with DB In-Memory

• Maintains state of PDBs between CDB restarts

Cloning Cross PDB Queries

Standby & Logging

PRIMARY STANDBY

AdditionalFeatures

Temporal Validity Temporal Validity

Flash Back Data ArchiveFlash Back Data Archive

Oracle Database 12c and Temporal Data• Managing the time dimension

Flashback QueryFlashback Query

Temporal Applications

• Developing applications that understand history is complicated

• Querying and reporting history data is hard, as schemas evolve

Modeling time is hard

Employees

History Kept

schemas evolve

• The result is history is only tracked for a few key tables

– Often raw fact data is tracked but context is not

– e.g. Sales history is tracked, but not quota rules, or territories

Departments

No History

Oracle Database 12c Temporal Support

Transaction Time Temporal

(Flashback Data Archive)

� Tracks transactional changes to a

table over its lifetime

Valid Time Temporal

� Enables user to model & query data

for “real world validity”

table over its lifetime

� Typically used for compliance and

auditing

� Enables the users to see the data

as it was at a point in time in the

� Typically used for insurance policies,

financial markets, trade data & future

changes

� Users can model concepts such as

the “Life time of an insurance policy”

Valid Time Temporal

• VALID TIME rows are stored in the base table itself

• By default, queries see all rows in the table

Querying Data Validity

Changes are written to

timestamp columns on base

Valid Time Data read from base table

(filtered using SQL)

Valid Time TemporalExample

CREATE TABLE customers(

custid NUMBER,

custname VARCHAR2(30),

custaddr1 VARCHAR2(50),

custcity VARCHAR2(50),

CREATE TABLE customers(

custid NUMBER,

custname VARCHAR2(30),

custstate VARCHAR2(2),

custzip VARCHAR2(20),

start_time TIMESTAMP,

end_time TIMESTAMP,

PERIOD FOR cust_valid_time (start_time, end_time));

custstate VARCHAR2(2),

custzip VARCHAR2(20),

start_time TIMESTAMP,

end_time TIMESTAMP,

PERIOD FOR cust_valid_time (start_time, end_time));

custid custname custaddr1 custaddr2 custcity custstate custzip start_time end_time

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

Suite 17 Anytown CA 99999 01-JAN-14

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES (1,'Acme Inc.','123 Any Street','Suite 17','Anytown','AS','99999', TO_TIMESTAMP('01-JAN-14’), NULL);

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

Suite 17 Anytown CA 99999 01-JAN-14 31-AUG-14

UPDATE customers

SET end_time = TO_TIMESTAMP('31-AUG-14’)

WHERE custid = 1 ;

UPDATE customers

SET end_time = TO_TIMESTAMP('31-AUG-14’)

WHERE custid = 1 ;

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

1 Acme Inc 456

Another

Street

Anytown CA 99998 01-SEP-14

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES (1, 'Acme Inc.',

’456 Another Street', NULL, 'Anytown', 'AS', ‘99998', TO_TIMESTAMP('01-SEP-14’), NULL ) ;

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES (1, 'Acme Inc.',

’456 Another Street', NULL, 'Anytown', 'AS', ‘99998', TO_TIMESTAMP('01-SEP-14’), NULL ) ;

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

1 Acme Inc 456

Another

Street

SELECT custaddr1, custaddr2, custcity, custstate, custzip

FROM customers WHERE custid=1;

SELECT custaddr1, custaddr2, custcity, custstate, custzip

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

1 Acme Inc 456

Another

Street

EXEC DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.ENABLE_AT_VALID_TIME('CURRENT');

SELECT custid, start_time, end_time

EXEC DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.ENABLE_AT_VALID_TIME('CURRENT');

1 Acme Inc 123 Any

Street

1 Acme Inc 456

Another

Street

FROM customers

AS OF PERIOD FOR cust_valid_time TO_TIMESTAMP('03-SEP-14');

FROM customers

AS OF PERIOD FOR cust_valid_time TO_TIMESTAMP('03-SEP-14');

Temporal with Oracle Database 12c Minimizing custom Code

� Transaction Time Temporal

(flashback data archive)

maintains history

� Valid Time Temporal maintains

business validity

Pattern MatchingPattern Matching

PL/SQL in “With” ClausePL/SQL in “With” Clause

Identity Based ColumnsIdentity Based Columns

32k 32k VarcharVarchar

A more powerful expressive language

Oracle Database 12c : The Evolution of SQL

Fetch First Fetch First

Invisible ColumnsInvisible Columns

Improved Left Outer Join SyntaxImproved Left Outer Join Syntax

32k 32k VarcharVarchar

Pattern MatchingSimplified Analysis of Big Data

Select * from Employees MATCH_RECOGNIZE (…PATTERN(X+ Z{2})…)

• Scalable discovery of business event sequences

– Clickstream logs: sessionization, search behaviour

– Financial transactions: fraud detection, double bottom (“W”) stock analysis

– Telco: dropped calls

) – Telco: dropped calls

– Medical sensors: automated medical observations and detections

Patterns are defined

using regular

expressions

Find double bottom (W) patterns and report:

• Beginning and ending date of the pattern

SQL Pattern MatchingExample: Find Double Bottom (W)

Stock price

• Average Price Increase in the second ascent

• Modify the search to find only patterns that lasted less than a week

PATTERN (X+ Y+ W+ Z+)DEFINE X AS (price < PREV(price))

Stock price

PATTERN (X+ Y+ W+ Z+)DEFINE X AS (price < PREV(price))

Y AS (price > PREV(price))

Stock price

SELECT first_x, last_zSELECT first_x, last_z

XX YY WW ZZ

SELECT first_x, last_zFROM ticker MATCH_RECOGNIZE (

PARTITION BY name ORDER BY time MEASURES FIRST(x.time) AS first_x

LAST(z.time) AS last_zONE ROW PER MATCHPATTERN (X+ Y+ W+ Z+)DEFINE X AS (price < PREV(price))

Y AS (price > PREV(price))W AS (price < PREV(price))Z AS (price > PREV(price))

SQL Pattern Matching

1 9 13 19 days

Stock price

SELECT first_x, last_zSELECT first_x, last_z

First_x Last_z

13 19Example: Find Double Bottom (W)

PARTITION BY name ORDER BY time MEASURES FIRST(x.time) AS first_x,

LAST(z.time) AS last_zONE ROW PER MATCHPATTERN (X+ Y+ W+ Z+)DEFINE X AS (price < PREV(price)),

Y AS (price > PREV(price)),W AS (price < PREV(price)),Z AS (price > PREV(price)))

if (lineNext == null) {next = "";

} else {next = lineNext.getQuantity();

if (!q.isEmpty() && (prev.isEmpty() || (eq(q, prev) && gt(q, next)))) {state = "S";return state;

if (gt(q, prev) && gt(q, next)) {state = "T";return state;

if (lt(q, prev) && lt(q, next)) {state = "B";return state;

if (!q.isEmpty() && (next.isEmpty() || (gt(q, prev) && eq(q, next)))) {state = "E";return state;

if (q.isEmpty() || eq(q, prev)) {state = "F";return state;

return state;}

private boolean eq(String a, String b) {if (a.isEmpty() || b.isEmpty()) {

return false;}return a.equals(b);

private boolean gt(String a, String b) {

Pattern MatchingFinding Double Bottom (W)

PARTITION BY name ORDER BY time MEASURES FIRST(x.time) AS first_x,

LAST(z.time) AS last_zONE ROW PER MATCHPATTERN (X+ Y+ W+ Z+)DEFINE X AS (price < PREV(price)),

Y AS (price > PREV(price)),

private boolean gt(String a, String b) {if (a.isEmpty() || b.isEmpty()) {

return false;}return Double.parseDouble(a) > Double.parseDouble(b);

private boolean lt(String a, String b) {if (a.isEmpty() || b.isEmpty()) {

return false;}return Double.parseDouble(a) < Double.parseDouble(b);

public String getState() {return this.state;

}}BagFactory bagFactory = BagFactory.getInstance();

@Overridepublic Tuple exec(Tuple input) throws IOException {

long c = 0;String line = "";String pbkey = "";V0Line nextLine;V0Line thisLine;V0Line processLine;V0Line evalLine = null;V0Line prevLine;boolean noMoreValues = false;String matchList = "";ArrayList<V0Line> lineFifo = new ArrayList<V0Line>();boolean finished = false;

DataBag output = bagFactory.newDefaultBag();

if (input == null) {return null;

}if (input.size() == 0) {

return null;

Y AS (price > PREV(price)),W AS (price < PREV(price)),Z AS (price > PREV(price) AND

z.time - FIRST(x.time) <= 7 ))

250+ Lines of Java and PIG 12 Lines of SQL

20x less code, 5x faster

New SQL Functionality

• PL/SQL in SQL via the “with” clause

– Useful for read only databases

– Potentially faster for some operations

• IDENTITY based columns

– Auto incrementing columns

– Supports ANSI standard

• Increased size for VARCHAR2

– Increase from 4000 to 32K

• New Row limiting clause

PL/SQL in SQLExample

FUNCTION get_domain(url VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS

pos BINARY_INTEGER;

len BINARY_INTEGER;

FUNCTION get_domain(url VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS

pos BINARY_INTEGER;

len BINARY_INTEGER;

PL/SQL Function embedded in “with” clause

pos := INSTR(url, 'www.');

len := INSTR(SUBSTR(url, pos + 4), '.') - 1;

RETURN SUBSTR(url, pos + 4, len);

SELECT DISTINCT get_domain(catalog_url)

FROM orders;

pos := INSTR(url, 'www.');

len := INSTR(SUBSTR(url, pos + 4), '.') - 1;

RETURN SUBSTR(url, pos + 4, len);

SELECT DISTINCT get_domain(catalog_url)

FROM orders;

PL/SQL from SQL

sql> create table t ( x varchar2(5) );Table created.

sql> insert into t values ( 'a' );sql> insert into t values ( '1' );

sql> insert into t values ( '1' );sql> insert into t values ( null );

PL/SQL from SQL

sql> create or replace2 function is_number_ool(x in varchar2)3 return varchar24 is5 Plsql_Num_Error exception;6 pragma exception_init(Plsql_Num_Error, -06502);7 begin8 if (To_Number(x) is NOT null) then9 return 'Y';

9 return 'Y';10 else11 return '';12 end if;13 exception14 when Plsql_Num_Error then15 return 'N';16 end Is_Number_ool;17 /Function created.

PL/SQL from SQL

sql> select rownum, x,2 is_number_ool(x) is_num3 from t;

ROWNUM X IS_NUM

ROWNUM X IS_NUM---------- ----- ----------

1 a N2 1 Y3

PL/SQL from SQL

sql> with2 function Is_Number3 (x in varchar2) return varchar2 is4 Plsql_Num_Error exception;5 pragma exception_init(Plsql_Num_Error, -06502);6 begin7 if (To_Number(x) is NOT null) then8 return 'Y';9 else

9 else10 return '';11 end if;12 exception13 when Plsql_Num_Error then14 return 'N';15 end Is_Number;16 select rownum, x, is_number(x) is_num from t17 /

PL/SQL from SQL

select is_number_ool( to_char(object_id) ),

is_number_ool( owner )

from stage

call count cpu elapsed rows

------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------

Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0

Execute 1 0.00 0.00 0

Fetch 875 0.93 1.34 87310

------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------

total 877 0.93 1.34 87310

PL/SQL from SQL

function Is_Number ... end Is_Number;

select is_number( to_char(object_id) ) …,

------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------

Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0

Execute 1 0.00 0.00 0

Fetch 875 0.29 0.55 87310

------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------

total 877 0.29 0.55 87310

Improved Defaults

� Default to a sequence

� Default when null inserted

� Identity Columns

� Metadata-only Defaults for NULL columns

Improved Defaults - sequences

sql> create sequence s;Sequence created.

sql> create table t2 ( x int default s.nextval primary key,

2 ( x int default s.nextval primary key,3 y varchar2(30)4 )5 /

Table created.

Improved Defaults - sequences

sql> insert into t(y) values ('hello world');1 row created.

sql> select * from t;

X Y---------- ------------------------------

1 hello world

Improved Defaults – when null

sql> create table t2 ( x number default s.nextval primary key,3 y number,4 z number default on null 425 );

Table created.

Improved Defaults – when null

sql> insert into t (y, z) values ( 55, NULL );sql> insert into t (y,z) values ( 100, 200 );sql> insert into t (x,y,z) values (-1,-2,-3);

X Y Z---------- ---------- ----------

2 55 423 100 200-1 -2 -3

IDENTITYExample

CREATE TABLE t1x NUMBER GENERATED AS IDENTITY,y NUMBER

Create a table where the id column is always populated by Oracle

CREATE TABLE t2(x NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY

(START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 10),y NUMBER

CREATE TABLE t2(x NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY

(START WITH 100 INCREMENT BY 10),y NUMBER

Create a table where the id column is populated by Oracle when not provided

Identity columns

sql> insert into t1 (x,y) values (1,100);insert into t1 (x,y) values (1,100)

*ERROR at line 1:ORA-32795: cannot insert into a generated always identity column

sql> insert into t1 (y) values (200);1 row created.

sql> select * from t1;X Y

---------- ----------1 200

Identity columns

sql> insert into t2 (x,y) values (1,100);1 row created.

sql> insert into t2 (y) values (200);1 row created.

sql> select * from t2;

X Y---------- ----------

1 100100 200

Improved Defaults – metadata only defaults

sqlORA12CR1> set timing onsqlORA12CR1> alter table t add (data char(2000) default 'x');Table altered.

Elapsed: 00:00:00.07

sqlORA11GR2> set timing onsqlORA11GR2> alter table t add (data char(2000) default 'x');Table altered.

Elapsed: 00:00:28.59

32K VARCHAR2/NVARCHAR2 Example

ALTER SYSTEM set MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED scope = SPFILEALTER SYSTEM set MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED scope = SPFILE

Enable 32k support in the Oracle Database 12c

Create table with 32k varchar2

CREATE TABLE Applicants(id NUMBER GENERATED AS IDENTITY,first_name varchar2(30),last_name varchar2(30),application date,CV varchar2(32767)

Row LimitExample

SELECT employee_id, last_name

FROM employees

ORDER BY employee_id

FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY ;

SELECT employee_id, last_name

FROM employees

ORDER BY employee_id

FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY ;

Select only the first 5 rows

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary

FROM employees

ORDER BY salary

FETCH FIRST 5 PERCENT ROWS WITH TIES ;

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary

FROM employees

ORDER BY salary

FETCH FIRST 5 PERCENT ROWS WITH TIES ;

Select the first 5% of rows and those whose salary “ties” with the lowest of the 5%

Session SequencesExample

� Persistent only within a session

� Specific for use with GTTs

� Global sequences created by the primary database can now be

accessed from standby databases.

sql> create sequence seqsess session;

sql> create sequence seqglob global;

sql> create sequence seqsess session;

sql> create sequence seqglob global;

accessed from standby databases.

Invisible ColumnsExample

sql> create table t3 (x NUMBER, y NUMBER invisible);sql> create table t3 (x NUMBER, y NUMBER invisible);

� User specified hidden columns

� The DESCRIBE shows invisible column metadata only when

SET COLINVISIBLE is set

sql> insert into t3 values (1);

sql> insert into t3 (x,y) values (2,5);

sql> insert into t3 values (1);

sql> insert into t3 (x,y) values (2,5);

----------

sql> select x,y from t3;

------- ----------

sql> select x,y from t3;

------- ----------

Fine-Grained access controls for PL/SQL program units

� Specify the “white list” of PL/SQL program units which can access a

packaged subprograms or a PL/SQL unit

� Use ACCESSIBLE BY clause to specify the authorized subprograms

ACCESSIBLE BY (accessor_list)

� Can appear in CREATE PACKAGE, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE

FUNCTION and CREATE TYPE statements

� Can be used with AUTHID clause in any order

ACCESSIBLE BY (accessor_list)

The ACCESSIBLE BY clauseCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE p_demo_accACCESSIBLE BY (PROCEDURE proc, FUNCTION fun)ISBEGINdbms_output.put_line('Demonstrate White List Access');END;

PROC and FUN

constitute

the “White List”

Exec P_DEMO_ACC();BEGIN p_demo_acc(); END;

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-06550: line 1, column 7:

PLS-00904: insufficient privilege to access object P_DEMO_ACC

ORA-06550: line 1, column 7:

PL/SQL: Statement ignored

Exec PROC();Demonstrate White List Access

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Anonymously Invoked Invoked from a “White list” unit

Binding PL/SQL Only data types

● Prior to 12c, PL/SQL – only data types could not be bound from client programs or using native dynamic SQL

● In Oracle database 12c, a PL/SQL anonymous block, a SQL CALL statement or SQL query can invoke a PL/SQL subprogram which has parameters

BOOLEAN

● BOOLEAN

● Collection or records declared in a package specification

● PL/SQL – only data types can cross PL/SQL to SQL interface

Binding PL/SQL Only data types

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE l_stmt USING var_x;*

ERROR at line 6:ORA-06550: line 6, column 33:PLS-00457: expressions have to be of SQL typesORA-06550: line 6, column 2:PL/SQL: Statement ignored

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc (p_x BOOLEAN)IS BEGINIF p_x THEN

dbms_output.put_line('TRUE');ELSE

dbms_output.put_line('FALSE');END IF;END;

Pre Oracle 12c

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SET SERVEROUTPUT ONDECLAREl_stmt VARCHAR2(1000);var_x BOOLEAN := TRUE;BEGINl_stmt := 'begin proc(:1); end;';EXECUTE IMMEDIATE l_stmt USING var_x;end;/

Oracle Database 12c

Miscellaneous PL/SQL Enhancements

● Compilation parameter PLSQL_DEBUG deprecated

● An invoker’s rights function can be result cached in Oracle 12c.

● Grant roles to PL/SQL packages and standalone subprograms.

● An Object of Type LIBRARY Can Be Defined Using an Object of Type DIRECTORY

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