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My presentation on open source law 16 December 2009 at Danish Technical University (DTU) at a PhD seminar in the Informatics department
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Open Source Jura
Advokat Martin von Haller GrønbækPartner, Bender von Haller Dragsted
DTU Informatics, 16-12-2009
1onsdag den 16. december 2009
Martin von Haller Grønbæk
– Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted– Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)– Editorial board IFOSSLR– Co-founder, Creative Commons DK– Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter
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2onsdag den 16. december 2009
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Martin von Haller Grønbæk
– http://www.bvhd.dk– http://openlife.dk– http://www.vonhaller.dk– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller– http://www.23hq.com/mhg– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller
– mhg@bvhd.dk– martin@groenbaek.net– groenbaek@gmail.com
3onsdag den 16. december 2009
Martin von Haller Grønbæk
–Legal500: “At IT boutique Bender von Haller Dragsted, Martin von Haller Grønbæk is the Danish expert on open source and emerging issues around Web 2.0 and internet law.”
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4onsdag den 16. december 2009
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Agenda
– Intro to open source– Open source law survey– Licenses– Patents og trademarks– Businessmodels– Questions
5onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Intro to open source
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6onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open Sauce
7onsdag den 16. december 2009
“Free not as in free beer but as in
freedom”
8onsdag den 16. december 2009
Four freedoms
9onsdag den 16. december 2009
#1 Use the program as you
please
10onsdag den 16. december 2009
#2 Look into the source code
11onsdag den 16. december 2009
#3 Erase, change, add, modify and whatever
12onsdag den 16. december 2009
#4 Give, transfer, transfer the code freely
13onsdag den 16. december 2009
Communisme ?
14onsdag den 16. december 2009
Cancer?
15onsdag den 16. december 2009
Cathedral or ?
16onsdag den 16. december 2009
Bazaar?17onsdag den 16. december 2009
18onsdag den 16. december 2009
Give due credit!19onsdag den 16. december 2009
Names og persons• Free software• Open source• Linux• Free Libre Open Source Software
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20onsdag den 16. december 2009
Free vs. Open21onsdag den 16. december 2009
Linus, Tux and Linux22onsdag den 16. december 2009
FLOSS
23onsdag den 16. december 2009
Software or
networkstack
24onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open source at all levels• Internet• Operative systems• Databases• Webservers• Middleware• ERP applikations• Desktop applikations• Webapps
– Amazon– eBay– Yahoo– Facebook– Google
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25onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Open source law survey
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26onsdag den 16. december 2009
Generel open source jura• Contract or license• Liability
– for licensor– for solution provider– for infringement of third party IPR– for defects
• Licensecompatability– between different OSS licenses– between “closed source” and OSS licenses
• Enforcement– Jurisdiction– Legal standing– Compensation
• Interpretation
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27onsdag den 16. december 2009
28onsdag den 16. december 2009
Copyleft– Copyleft or copyright– All OSS licenses allows modifications– Redistribution or distribution not a requirement– Comply with the copyleft term or discontinue the use of
the program– Recall distributed code– Comply with copyleft by making modifications’ source
code available– Make only available source code to the have received
the code– Not allowed to deny redistribution by agreement
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29onsdag den 16. december 2009
Derived works– “A work based upon an original work”– Modifications
• Improvements• Translations• Error corrections• Amendments
– Not collective works– Strong copyleft vs. Weak copyleft– Mozilla Public License v. 2
• File amendments– General Public Licence
• Combinations
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30onsdag den 16. december 2009
GPL
31onsdag den 16. december 2009
Combinations
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– Combinations to files to one application– Compilation of source code to object code
• Static links– Dynamic links by combination at run time level– Mechanism of communication – Semantics of the communication– Kommunikationssemantik– Output not covered– (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)– Output of language interpreter– (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)– Linus Torvald’s interpretation of GPL re. Linux– Remember starting point: Al combos are allowed
32onsdag den 16. december 2009
Distribution
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– GPL v2: Distribution– GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance– In soft- and hardware– ASP loophole og network exception– Affero Public License– Contractors on/off-site– Outsourcing– Mergers and Acquisitions– Let recipient download the GPL’ed code
33onsdag den 16. december 2009
Escapes
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– Make deal with licensor– Replace code– Work around– GPL v3, sec. 8
• Termination notice– NDA: Developer can agree not to release changes at all– NDA: Developer can agree only to release changes to
customer
34onsdag den 16. december 2009
Enforcement
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– The GPL is enforceable!– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables; 2006: D-Link– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen vs. Katzer– SCO
– Copyright holder
– Injunction– GPL-VIOLATIONS.ORG
– Free Software Foundation
– (BvHD)
35onsdag den 16. december 2009
Compensation
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– Compensation under copyright– No penal damages or stipulated damages– Economic loss suffered by licensor– Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee– Fines– Legal fees
36onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Licenses
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Open source initiative
38onsdag den 16. december 2009
Bruce Perens
39onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open source principperne
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– Free redistribution– Source code– Derived work– Integrity of The Author's Source Code– 5-10: Non-discrimination
40onsdag den 16. december 2009
Comply or call or don’t call it open source!
41onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open source licenses
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– Academic or permissive licenses– Apache License v2– MIT License– New BSD license– Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences
– Weak copyleft– Artistic license v1– Eclipse Public License– Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft– GNU GPL v1-3– GNU LGPL v1-3
42onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Patents and trademarks
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43onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open source and patents
44onsdag den 16. december 2009
Software patenter
– “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or his assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention”
– FSF: “a patent on any performance of a computer realised by means of a computer program"
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45onsdag den 16. december 2009
Patenter
– Open source licenses deals with copyright– Patents are not covered by the license– Open source licenses enables upstream and
downstream use otherwise prohibited by patents
– AntiTivoization• Restrictions on hardware• GPL v3: Only hardware for consumers
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46onsdag den 16. december 2009
Patent trolls
47onsdag den 16. december 2009
Open source and
trademarks48onsdag den 16. december 2009
Varemærker
– Once again: Licenses deals with copyright– No trademarks covered by the licenses– Trademarks are the commercial equivalent to
author’s integrity– Many open source business models are closely
tied to trademarks– Badgeware
• Umbraco• SocialText
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49onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Business model
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50onsdag den 16. december 2009
LEGO Mindstorms
51onsdag den 16. december 2009
Intro
1 May 2006. LEGO press release
Hackers, Get Ready! LEGO Group Announces Open Source Firmware, Developer Kits for LEGO® MINDSTORMS® NXT
Consumer-directed robotics experience creation to enter “NXT” phase with open firmware, Software, Hardware and Bluetooth Developer Kits to launch in August
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52onsdag den 16. december 2009
Background
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– Mindstorms robots launched in 1998
– The best-selling LEGO product ever– Huge Mindstorm community– LEGO was and is not a software company– Only minor upgrades to the firmware– Several parallel Mindstorms OS’s
53onsdag den 16. december 2009
Challenges
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– LEGO was not comfortable with “openess”
– LEGO has been and is extremely reliant on strong IPRs
– You don't give away IPRs for free”– Turbulent period for LEGO in general– Third party software included
54onsdag den 16. december 2009
Solution
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– Embrace User driven innovation
– Open source as the enabler– Third party permission for redistribution under an
OS license– Choice of license
– ”Genuine” open source licence– Permissive (Academic) or Copyleft (reciprocal
license)
55onsdag den 16. december 2009
OSS licence choice
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– Mozilla Public license v. 1.1– Weak copyleft– Modification is limited altering the files– “I did not understand GPL v.2”– LEGO was only concerned with modifications of
the actual files
56onsdag den 16. december 2009
“Beautiful solution”
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– Huge press coverage and goodwill– Large number of downloads of code– Much more “intelligence” in the bricks– Convincing strategy towards competitors– Option to “close” the code again– Many more bricks sold!
57onsdag den 16. december 2009
Dual licensing
58onsdag den 16. december 2009
Dual licensing
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– The software company perspective– The same code is licensed under two different
licences:– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.2 with FOSS
exception– MySQL Enterprise: Commercial license
59onsdag den 16. december 2009
Ophavsmandens eneret
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– The owner can decide to release under any and as many terms she likes
– Dual licensing is only possible for owner's own modfications
– Or assigned modifications– Control is necessary to mitigate liability– ”Closing in” the code again
60onsdag den 16. december 2009
Ophavsret og kontrol
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– MySQL has exclusive copyright to the code– MySQL controls and certifies the code– The GPL does not give any rights to use MySQLs
trademarks
61onsdag den 16. december 2009
Hvorfor betale?
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– Certification of the code– Warranties– Maintenance and support– Copyleft exemption
62onsdag den 16. december 2009
Stadig ikke overbevist?
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–MySQL AB was in 2008 bought by Sun Microsystem, Inc. for approximately USD $1 billion in total consideration
63onsdag den 16. december 2009
Agenda
–Questions
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64onsdag den 16. december 2009
65onsdag den 16. december 2009
Also available athttp://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/
Tak for opmærksomheden!
66onsdag den 16. december 2009
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