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Oncolytic Viral TherapyOncolytic Viral TherapyPresented by Katherine SawyerPresented by Katherine Sawyer
Oncolytic Viral TherapyOncolytic Viral Therapy
Definition:Definition: ““Onco-” = cancerOnco-” = cancer ““-lytic” = killing-lytic” = killing Viral = using virusViral = using virus Therapy = for treatmentTherapy = for treatment
Onco = CancerOnco = Cancer
Cancer is……Cancer is…… Unusual cell Unusual cell
growthgrowth Caused by Caused by
genetic mutationgenetic mutation Usually in form Usually in form
of tumorof tumor
Onco = CancerOnco = Cancer Cancer ……Cancer ……
Unusual cell growthUnusual cell growth Caused by genetic mutationCaused by genetic mutation Usually in form of tumorUsually in form of tumor
Blocks immune Blocks immune system with system with proteinsproteins
Takes Takes resources from resources from healthy cellshealthy cells
Onco = CancerOnco = Cancer Cancer ……Cancer ……
Unusual cell growthUnusual cell growth Caused by genetic Caused by genetic
mutationmutation Usually in form of tumorUsually in form of tumor Blocks immune system Blocks immune system
with proteinswith proteins Takes resources from Takes resources from
healthy cellshealthy cells
Can occur in Can occur in almost any almost any tissuetissue
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
SurgerySurgery Remove tumor Remove tumor Success if all of tumor is removed, but many Success if all of tumor is removed, but many
cancers metastasize (break and spread) or cancers metastasize (break and spread) or have irregular shapes difficult to removehave irregular shapes difficult to remove
Risk associated with any invasive surgery Risk associated with any invasive surgery
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
ChemotherapyChemotherapy Use of toxic drugs to kill the cancerUse of toxic drugs to kill the cancer Often severe side effects because it also kills Often severe side effects because it also kills
some healthy cells some healthy cells Effective but side effects significant (nausea, Effective but side effects significant (nausea,
fatigue, immune weakness)fatigue, immune weakness)
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
RadiationRadiation Radiation aimed at tumor to kill the tumor Radiation aimed at tumor to kill the tumor
cellscells
Side effects severe, significant damage to Side effects severe, significant damage to surrounding tissuesurrounding tissue
Effective in reducing tumorEffective in reducing tumor
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
NanotechnologyNanotechnology Use carbon or other molecule to carry drug or Use carbon or other molecule to carry drug or
radiation to the tumorradiation to the tumor Use shells of cells to carry drugs Use shells of cells to carry drugs Attach drugs to molecules that can fit through Attach drugs to molecules that can fit through
wide cancer blood vessels that healthy cells wide cancer blood vessels that healthy cells don’t havedon’t have
Magnetically draw device to tumorMagnetically draw device to tumor Carry marker for tumor to monitor progressCarry marker for tumor to monitor progress
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
Genetic TherapyGenetic Therapy Re-program cancer cells’ DNA to make it die Re-program cancer cells’ DNA to make it die
young.young.
Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments
Oncolytic Viral TherapyOncolytic Viral Therapy Genetically modifying a virus so that it kills Genetically modifying a virus so that it kills
cancer cells instead of healthy cellscancer cells instead of healthy cells
Virus: DescriptionVirus: Description
Protein shell with DNA insideProtein shell with DNA inside Requires a host cell to reproduceRequires a host cell to reproduce
Virus: DescriptionVirus: Description
Requires a host cell to reproduceRequires a host cell to reproduce Protein shell with DNA insideProtein shell with DNA inside
Disease causing agent for diseases like Disease causing agent for diseases like measles, herpes, varicella (chicken pox), measles, herpes, varicella (chicken pox), smallpox, HIV, adeno virus (common cold), smallpox, HIV, adeno virus (common cold), influenza, rabies, and many othersinfluenza, rabies, and many others
Unlike bacteria, no beneficial viruses (always Unlike bacteria, no beneficial viruses (always kills its host)kills its host)
Virus: StructureVirus: Structure
Protein shell called a Protein shell called a capsid contains DNAcapsid contains DNA
Arrangement of one Arrangement of one or more protein fibers or more protein fibers for bonding with host for bonding with host cellcell
Virus: StructureVirus: Structure
Virus: StructureVirus: Structure
Virus: StructureVirus: Structure
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Attaches to host cell with spikes or Attaches to host cell with spikes or filamentsfilaments
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Attaches to host cell with spikes or Attaches to host cell with spikes or filamentsfilaments
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Attaches to host cell with spikes or Attaches to host cell with spikes or filamentsfilaments
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Attaches to host cell with spikes or Attaches to host cell with spikes or filamentsfilaments
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Once attached, it pushes its DNA inside the cell, Once attached, it pushes its DNA inside the cell,
Uses the cell’s DNA as building Uses the cell’s DNA as building blocksblocks for its new for its new DNADNA
New virus breaks through cell wallNew virus breaks through cell wall
Virus: ReproductionVirus: Reproduction
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: MethodOncolytic Viral Therapy: Method
Choose a resilient virus that is successful Choose a resilient virus that is successful in human bodyin human body MeaslesMeasles HerpesHerpes Adeno virus (common cold)Adeno virus (common cold) Influenza virusInfluenza virus
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: MethodOncolytic Viral Therapy: Method
Choose a resilient virus that is successful Choose a resilient virus that is successful in the human bodyin the human body
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: MethodOncolytic Viral Therapy: Method
Choose a resilient virus that is successful Choose a resilient virus that is successful in the human bodyin the human body
Splice DNA into virus DNA that codes for a Splice DNA into virus DNA that codes for a protein that bonds well and is attracted to protein that bonds well and is attracted to tumor’s proteintumor’s protein
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: MethodOncolytic Viral Therapy: Method
Choose a resilient virus that is successful Choose a resilient virus that is successful in the human bodyin the human body
Splice DNA into virus DNA that codes for a Splice DNA into virus DNA that codes for a protein that bonds well and is attracted to protein that bonds well and is attracted to tumor’s proteintumor’s protein
Inject the modified viruses into tumor siteInject the modified viruses into tumor site
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: ChallengesChallenges
Main challenge is patient’s own immune Main challenge is patient’s own immune system killing the virus before the virus system killing the virus before the virus can kill the cancer. can kill the cancer.
SolutionsSolutions Fast acting virusFast acting virus Protection from immune systemProtection from immune system
Protection of virus on the virusProtection of virus on the virus Block immune systemBlock immune system
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: TrialsOncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials
Measles VirusMeasles Virus Most successful trial Most successful trial Brain cancer –high Brain cancer –high
success rate Mayo success rate Mayo Clinic)Clinic)
Multiple myeloma --Multiple myeloma --previously incurable previously incurable bone cancer (Mayo bone cancer (Mayo Clinic)Clinic)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: TrialsOncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials
Seneca Valley Seneca Valley VirusVirus Developed by Developed by
Neoptrix Neoptrix Successful at Successful at
destroying small destroying small cell lung cancer cell lung cancer
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: TrialsOncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials
Adeno Virus (cold Adeno Virus (cold virus)virus) Designed to kill cells Designed to kill cells
with common mutation with common mutation of colon cancer of colon cancer (unidentified research (unidentified research group)group)
Successful with Successful with breast, liver, skin breast, liver, skin cancers (University of cancers (University of Birmingham)Birmingham)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: TrialsOncolytic Viral Therapy: Trials
Herpes VirusHerpes Virus Variety of tumors Variety of tumors
(Baylor University in (Baylor University in San Diego with San Diego with Immusol in China)Immusol in China)
50% success rate with 50% success rate with pancreatic cancer pancreatic cancer previously a nearly previously a nearly untreatable cancer untreatable cancer (Nagoya University, (Nagoya University, Japan)Japan)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized TrialsSpecialized Trials
Measles VirusMeasles Virus . Fusogenic . Fusogenic
Membrane Membrane GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins
(FMG)(FMG) Causes cancer Causes cancer
cells to fuse with cells to fuse with each other and die each other and die
(Mayo Clinic)(Mayo Clinic)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: SpecializedTrialsSpecializedTrials
Intravenous VS Virus Intravenous VS Virus First trial of intravenous oncolytic viral First trial of intravenous oncolytic viral
therapy(others used injection at tumor site)therapy(others used injection at tumor site) Potential to “chase down” metastasized cellsPotential to “chase down” metastasized cells (University of Calgary)(University of Calgary)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized TrialsSpecialized Trials
Polymer-coated Adeno Virus Polymer-coated Adeno Virus Protects the oncolytic virus from patient Protects the oncolytic virus from patient
immune systemimmune system (Oxford University)(Oxford University)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized TrialsSpecialized Trials
Polymer-coated Adeno Virus Polymer-coated Adeno Virus Protects the oncolytic virus from patient Protects the oncolytic virus from patient
immune systemimmune system (Oxford University)(Oxford University)
Heating bone cancer to fever temperatureHeating bone cancer to fever temperature Stops production of protective proteinStops production of protective protein Oncolytic virus has higher success rateOncolytic virus has higher success rate (University of Southern California, San (University of Southern California, San
Francisco)Francisco)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Specialized TrialsSpecialized Trials
Smallpox virus Smallpox virus modified to kill cancer modified to kill cancer cells and also cells and also stimulate production stimulate production of white blood cells of white blood cells which weaken cancerwhich weaken cancer
(Stanford University)(Stanford University)
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Benefits and Hope for the FutureBenefits and Hope for the Future
Fewer side effects than other treatmentsFewer side effects than other treatments
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Benefits and Hope for the FutureBenefits and Hope for the Future
Fewer side effects than other treatmentsFewer side effects than other treatments Fewer treatments requiredFewer treatments required
The virus increases and continues “dosage” The virus increases and continues “dosage” because it replicates itselfbecause it replicates itself
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Benefits and Hope for the FutureBenefits and Hope for the Future
Fewer side effects than other treatmentsFewer side effects than other treatments Fewer treatments requiredThe virus Fewer treatments requiredThe virus
increases and continues “dosage” increases and continues “dosage” because it replicates itselfbecause it replicates itself
Treating previously incurable cancersTreating previously incurable cancers
Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Oncolytic Viral Therapy: Benefits and Hope for the FutureBenefits and Hope for the Future
Fewer side effects than other treatmentsFewer side effects than other treatments Fewer treatments requiredFewer treatments required
The virus increases and continues “dosage” The virus increases and continues “dosage” because it replicates itselfbecause it replicates itself
Treating previously incurable cancersTreating previously incurable cancers Greater success rate, survival rateGreater success rate, survival rate
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PresentationPresentation
Presented April 17, 2008Presented April 17, 2008 Katherine SawyerKatherine Sawyer Biology 103Biology 103 Washtenaw Community CollegeWashtenaw Community College (Ann Arbor, Michigan)(Ann Arbor, Michigan) Prof. Ross StrayerProf. Ross Strayer
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